tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7364442628596312232024-02-08T08:11:51.344-08:00One Bite At A TimePolitics about preserving the constitution, restoring liberty, elections and politics. See through the eyes and experiences of a pharmacist who is also an attorney, the blog will take you to places you have been ignoring.Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-12409989864787816182020-06-15T09:17:00.000-07:002020-06-15T09:17:27.850-07:00<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ballot Harvesting in Palm Beach County<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">By William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">H</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">arvesting
ballots is a common practice in Florida and it is not strictly illegal in each
and every instance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I first became aware
of the practice of planting and harvesting absentee ballots in Florida while I
was researching my book: <i>South Florida Election Law Handbook,</i> published in
2014.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This article is a refresher to
help you understand one section of the laws concerning vote-by-mail ballots and
three situations that describe different ways this is done.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Florida
law (F.S. 101.62(4)(c)4) provides that individuals may request for absentee
ballots for themselves and immediate family, which is defined as a spouse,
child, parent, sibling, legal guardian, or grandparent. You need to read this
section of the law. Florida law also requires that if one is requesting an
absentee ballot for someone else, they must provide certain identifying
information. A violation of this law (F.S. 104.047) constitutes a third degree felony.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Look up Florida Statutes on </span><a href="http://www.myflorida.com/floridastatutes"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">www.myflorida.com/floridastatutes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
and read the many voting methods and requirements for requesting ballots and
turning them in at the time of an election in Chapter 101.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you do not have a computer or smart phone,
go to the library to use a computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Over the years Florida has frequently revised its
enforcement of election laws to allow certain party election workers to handle
absentee ballots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are still
several concerns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How many ballots can
be picked up from voters by candidates and delivered to the elections
office?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What if the ballot collection
worker represented an opponent of the voter’s choice on the ballot?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Would these ballots be delivered or tossed in
the trash?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Has there been uniform enforcement
of law and regulations pertaining to the details of handling these ballots? The
name of these ballots has been changed to vote-by-mail ballots or mail-in
ballots more recently and the word “absentee” is no longer used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Belle Glade – 2009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This situation involved multiple political
party workers in Belle Glade ordering ballots for voters and monitoring when
these were delivered to the voters in 2009. Then the worker knocked on doors
and tried to help the voter prepare the ballot and then take the ballot from
the voter to be delivered to the election office or maybe not deliver it
anywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The five pages of details of
the Executive Investigation conducted by the Florida Department of Law
Enforcement are reviewed in the book beginning at page 292.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For several days, investigators
tracked down voters and witnesses to try to determine what was going on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the end, there was no reversal of any
election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some people lost their vote
because the people who tried to help them vote probably took advantage of them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This episode explains what investigators
have to do to document a case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Loxahatchee Groves
- 2015</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Loxahatchee
Groves had a city election on March 10, 2015.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On that date 22 voters came to cast ballots at the only polling place
and told the election officials that someone had ordered absentee ballots for
them. When Keith Harris lost the city election he sued the city election board
members and the Supervisor of Elections on March 26, 2015.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case was active for over four years in
the Circuit Court until a voluntary dismissal was entered on May 30, 2019
dismissing the remaining parties with Supervisor of Elections Susan Bucher
being dismissed earlier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During
the early days of this case a Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) investigation
was conducted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the date of the
election 22 individuals that appeared at the election polls in person to vote
complained to an elections poll worker that they received an unsolicited
absentee ballot. Their information was documented and a list of these
individuals was later provided to Supervisor of Elections Susan Bucher for her
review. In an effort to further the FDLE investigation, Bucher provided Special
Agent (SA) Thomas a copy of the list containing the 22 individuals that
appeared in person to vote on the day of the election along with copies of 153
absentee ballot request submission forms processed for the March 10th election.
These forms memorialized the identity of those who absentee ballots were
processed for during the time period of March 1, 2015 through March 4, 2015.
These 153 forms represent a fraction of the 304 total ballots requested for
this election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Following
the interviews of several of the persons receiving the absentee ballots, the
FDLE investigators concluded: “Steps taken by SA Thomas to unequivocally
identify a suspect(s) or target(s) in this investigation yielded negative
results, thus preventing the Office of the State Attorney from pursuing any
criminal charges. According to ASA Marci Rex, a clear connection between the
electronic source (computer type device) of where the request for the absentee
ballots originated and its operator(s) would need to be determined in order to
file and pursue a criminal conviction. A clear connection was not made in this
case.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After
this decision an effort was made by the investigators to determine the source
of the devices used to request the ballots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This led to the following conclusion in the investigative report: “In
furtherance of this investigation, Special Agent (SA) D. Thomas after meeting
with Palm Beach County Supervisor of Elections Susan Marie Bucher, on March 12,
2015, was provided with internet protocol (IP) information for investigative
purposes. Bucher requested this information from their (Palm Beach County
Supervisor of Elections Office) online computer website vender (SOE Software)
in response to SA Thomas' request to query certain computer database logs. The
information provided revealed that the identified IP address was linked to over
100 online absentee voter ballot requests for the March 2015 election. The IP
address was identified as a "Dynamic Internet Protocol address". SA
Thomas learned that such IP addresses were derived from a pool of IP addresses
and were assigned and reassigned as individuals' devices (computers, laptops,
tablets, cellular telephones, etc.) logged on and off any particular computer
network. The IP address identified in this investigation could have randomly
been used by any number of internet users using any number of devices during
the time period the more than 100 absentee voter ballot requests were made. As
such, efforts to track the specific IP address for each of the absentee ballot
email requests made became unsuccessful. On April 9, 2015, at approximately
10:00 a.m., SA Thomas, in further attempts to explore the possibility of
identifying the IP address information he was provided, contacted SA W.
Hernandez of FDLE's Computer Cyber Technology (Cybertech) Unit. SA Thomas,
after explaining the circumstances regarding the IP address in question,
requested SA Hernandez to make an additional attempt to obtain any available IP
identification information. SA Hernandez, on April 17, 2015, informed SA Thomas
via email communication that his efforts were met with negative results and
that the IP address provided came back to a ‘dead end’.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FDLE Case Number: MI-32-0049, Serial #: 26,
11/25/2015<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More information about this
case can be obtained from an article “Loxahatchee Groves councilman cooperating
in absentee ballot probe” by Kristen M. Clark - Palm Beach Post Staff Writer,
Thursday, March 12, 2015 Source of Post article was
http://www.mypalmbeachpost.com/news/local/loxahatchee-groves-councilman-cooperating-absentee-ballot-probe/eOc6HpGl8U9ZpA9UHCFwjJ/ </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">See also </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Circuit
Court file in the 15th Judicial Circuit in Palm Beach County, Case No. 50-2015-CA-003454-XXXX-MB</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">West Palm Beach –
2016<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This
case of ballot harvesting involved two candidates, one for state House, and one
for County Commissioner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The facts are
extensive for this case and the <i>Palm Beach Post </i>assigned several
reporters and photographers to research the election for an article published in
2017.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They reported their research at : </span><a href="https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/special-reports/winning-candidates-help-voters-fill-out-their-ballots/V0ieae6VcZNNWF6I9ylRdM/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/special-reports/winning-candidates-help-voters-fill-out-their-ballots/V0ieae6VcZNNWF6I9ylRdM/</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How the <i>Post</i> got the story? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Main authors were: </span><b><span style="color: #232323; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b><a href="mailto:aseltzer@pbpost.com"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alexandra Seltzer</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> and </span><a href="mailto:lramadan@pbpost.com"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lulu Ramadan</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Data reporter Mike Stucka,
researcher Melanie Mena and staff writer Daphne Duret also contributed to this
story.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The research team reported the votes in three
precincts as a small part of their extensive coverage of these election results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRECINCT 7186<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Boynton Beach Civic
Center<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRECINCT 7196<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Temple Sinai, Delray
Beach<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRECINCT 7174<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rolling Green
Elementary, Boynton Beach<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">69% of all
ballots were mail-in<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .2in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">62% of all
ballots were mail-in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">55% of all
ballots were mail-in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">378 total
mail-in ballots<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">366 total
mail-in ballots<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">135 total
mail-in ballots<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">338 voted for Bernard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">310 voted for Bernard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">112 voted for
Bernard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">334 voted for Jacquet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.5pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">302 voted for Jacquet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">105 voted for
Jacquet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 26.1pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">August 30, 2016<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Primary Election<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Here is a series of comments from the authors of this
extensive special article cited above. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">‘For Bernard and Jacquet, the Aug. 30 primary meant
outright victory. Nobody ran against them in the November general election.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Powell comfortably beat Republican Ron Berman in
November, and in his first few weeks as a state senator has introduced a few
pieces of legislation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“One of them? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">“A bill to make it easier to drop off vote-by-mail
ballots.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Powell
is Bobby Powell who was elected to the Florida Senate District 30 in November
of 2016.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Senate district does not
include these same three precincts. So far Powell has not been able to get an
amendment to Florida statutes to make it easier to drop off vote-by-mail
ballots.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">See Laws of Florida 2019-162
for amendments to F.S. 101.62 in 2019.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protect
your vote, read the election laws.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
idea of ballot harvesting is gaining strength in states like California where
the legislature approved it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Florida
voters must become aware of the consequences of harvesting ballots before more
elections disappear under an avalanche of one party or the other taking
advantage of loop holes. But ballot harvesting is illegal in North Carolina and
many other states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Congressional
election was ordered canceled after a lengthy Federal Court battle and done
over because of ballot harvesting by a Republican in the 2018 election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-2140628429602731172020-04-15T10:24:00.001-07:002020-04-15T10:39:11.744-07:00<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">DO THE DEMS HAVE A GOD PROBLEM?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By
William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">P</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">olitical
campaigns bring out the best and the worst in some people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Listeners make up their minds about political
promises based on their own understanding of what the candidates are saying
during the political campaigns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Listeners evaluate whether what is said based on their own experiences
and learning, including their own religion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Whether a politician’s promise is “good” or “bad,” will be at least
partly dependent upon what the listener’s beliefs are at the time the promises
are made known.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The First Amendment says “Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress
of grievances.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The part of this
amendment that deals with religion contains the “establishment clause” and the
“free exercise” clause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This clearly
says government cannot make laws that affect religion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 2012, the Democratic Party had a debate and a vote at
the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia about putting God back in
their national platform and a sizeable part of the hundreds of delegates booed
the result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 2016 platform, “God”
was named in “God-given potential” in the preamble and by inference in the
section on LBTG people. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not clear
how many times the Democratic delegates booed at what provisions in 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Democrat candidates for President in 2020 have expressed
views that present religious questions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We as individuals or voters cannot stop them from having these views,
but we can ask them to clarify those views and take those views into our own
account when deciding whether we want to support or vote for a candidate
office.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In an article titled, “</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Democrats
still haven’t faced their God problem,” b</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">y </span><a href="https://nypost.com/author/salena-zito/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;">Salena Zito</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> on</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">March 15, 2017 </span><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">in the <i>New York Post, </i>the author writes, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“The Democratic Party has a God problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And over the last couple of decades, as its
base became more educated, less religious and more urban, this problem has only
grown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“Some of this has to do with lower church attendance in
cities versus rural areas, and the Democratic Party’s increasing reliance on
urban voters. Some of it is the divisiveness of social or cultural issues like
abortion and gay marriage. And the divide has seemingly sapped Democrats’
ability to communicate to religious Americans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“Especially if those people of faith are white, according
to Brad Chism, a longtime and respected Democratic strategist based in
Mississippi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“And that problem extends to the national media, who by
and large are mostly Democrats, meaning you have these powerful forces who do
not understand more than half of the people in this country,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“Chism makes a crucial point about what this means for
American politics: Some of the greatest moral advancements in our country’s
history have been accomplished largely through the influence of the church and churchgoing
people, especially through the 20th century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“You look at women’s suffrage, civil rights, the
abolition of slavery and all of these massive other changes — religion and
religious people have played a role in moving society toward a higher plane,”
said Chism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">“We’ve seen that recently as well, but a lot of
progressives and liberal Democrats don’t see the role of religion in society,
and that is a big mistake,” he said.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i><span style="color: #2a2a2a;">See<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://nypost.com/2017/03/15/democrats-still-havent-faced-their-god-problem">https://nypost.com/2017/03/15/democrats-still-havent-faced-their-god-proble</a></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">In a more recent article by Caleb Parke for </span><i style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fox
News,, </i><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">the author states,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Political pundits said Democrats have a God problem and their
latest move shows they are taking steps to solve it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.1in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“President Trump solidified the evangelical vote in 2016
but Democrats hope to make up for the sins of Hillary Clinton's campaign, which
was criticized for its lack of outreach to faith groups in the last election.
The Democratic National Committee recruited a far-left religious
outreach director and is launching a round of listening sessions with faith
leaders leading up to the 2020 election.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.1in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.1in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">“<a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/will-trump-solidify-more-christian-voters-in-2020-this-evangelical-leader-thinks-so" target="_blank"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none;">WILL TRUMP SOLIDIFY MORE CHRISTIAN
VOTERS IN 2020? THIS EVANGELICAL LEADER THINKS SO</span></a></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The DNC hired former Washington, D.C. anti-Trump pastor, Rev.
Derrick Harkins, who held a similar position in 2012 and has been the senior
vice president of Union Theological Seminary in New York City, which
recently celebrated "rejoicing in the queerness of God."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“We take seriously the relationships that we have with faith
communities around this country," Harkins told Religion News Service,
adding that faith "will be a priority going into 2020, but even more
importantly, beyond 2020.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">“</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/trump-kentucky-professor-pimp-god" target="_blank"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none;">ANTI-TRUMP PROFESSOR ACCUSES GOP OF
TRYING TO ‘PIMP GOD’</span></a></span><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Over the past few elections, Democrats have alienated
themselves further from religious voters, partly in due to stances it takes on
social issues like abortion and gay marriage, not to mention its focus on urban
communities that tend to have lower church attendance than their rural
counterparts. While Trump took 80 percent of the white evangelical vote,
Democratic presidential hopefuls are gearing up for more faith outreach,
especially in historically black churches and within minority communities.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">See </span></i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2020-election-faith-democratic-party-religious-left<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "inherit" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The D. James Kennedy Ministries newsletter, <i>Impact</i>, for
March 2020, discusses the Hallmark of American Freedom which is the consent of
the governed. Executive Frank Wright says the progressives have refused to
accept the result of the 2016 election and they are planning to steal your vote
in 2020.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wright goes on to list the
Leftwing tactics they will use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Starting
with get rid of the electoral college, they move to spoiling the integrity of
voter registrations, to manipulation of the election ballot, to risks of
recounts, and with ballot harvesting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All of these efforts will be coordinated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
same tactics are mentioned by the American Civil Rights Union, the Public
Interest Legal Foundation, and Judicial Watch among many non-profit groups who
spend some of their resources and time on protecting the consent of the
governed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 2020 election will be a
turning point for upholding the American experiment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
may help to know the difference from right and wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do you?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Are you supporting the efforts of these groups or ignoring them?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-71726797388678885332019-09-03T08:55:00.001-07:002019-09-03T09:23:44.332-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">TOXICITY TO HUMANS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">FROM ALGAE BLOOMS IN FLORIDA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">By William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">A</span></b>lgae blooms in Lake Okeechobee,
St. Lucie River and the Caloosahatchee River have been making the news for
years in middle and south Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>People complain about the smell, dead fish, and the green guacamole goo
that covers rocks, sand beaches, and boats tied to docks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The complaints are responded to by Governor Declarations
of warnings<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
court cases up to the 11<sup>th</sup> Circuit against the operators of the Lake
Okeechobee discharges<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
and by state and federal research projects to study what is going on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But there is no resolution of the problem
within sight for humans who want good health and depend on clean water or for
businesses that earn money in fishing, recreation, and tourism.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Algae
or cyanobacteria are single cell organisms that have existed for millions of
years on earth. The algae at question is called by several names.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Governor Scott’s Executive Order in 2016
called the algae “mycrocystis.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Microcystis
is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria which includes the harmful algal bloom <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Microcystis aeruginosa</i>. The
cyanobacteria can produce neurotoxins and hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and
cyanopeptolin,” according to Wikipedia.com.<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See
</i>also<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 3.75pt 3.75pt 0pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Researchers
have called one of the toxins found in cyanobacteria blooms, BMAA (Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine).<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Other more recently researchers say the toxin is a protein, alpha-Synuclein
(αS), formed from norovirus infections in the gut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“But too much αS — such as from multiple or
chronic infections — becomes toxic because the system that disposes of αS
is overwhelmed, nerves are damaged by the toxic aggregates that form and
chronic inflammation ensues. Damage occurs both within the nervous system of
the GI tract and the brain,” says Michael Zasloff, MD, PhD, professor of
surgery and pediatrics at Georgetown University School of Medicine and
scientific director of the MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute.”</span><a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> “Zasloff and his colleagues
studied biopsy samples, collected at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences
Center, from 42 children with upper GI distress. They also looked at another
population of 14 MedStar Georgetown University Hospital patients who received
an intestinal transplant. This second group had documented cases of infection
by Norovirus, a common cause of upper GI infection.”<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 3.75pt 3.75pt 0pt 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So
what happens to the brains of those who have the toxin?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To summarize quickly, I will quote Jon
Palfreman, a medical documentary maker and Parkinson’s Disease patient, whose
2015 book brings up to date the various research strands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He says “There’s a scientific consensus that
once about 70 percent of dopamine-making cells in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">substantia nigra</i> die, the clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s kick
in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If everybody lived to be 120, then
everybody would be hit with threshold just by aging.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But some individuals hit the threshold earlier
and manifest symptoms – many, like me around sixty years old and some, much
earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this case, other sources of
cell death – genetic mutations or environmental toxins, for example – are
likely involved in the decline in the reservoir of dopamine producing neurons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And as the dopamine cells keep dying, the
symptoms associated with Parkinson’s get worse and worse.”<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neurotoxins are toxic to
the nerve system and brain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hepatotoxins
are toxic to the liver. The toxins get into the body by drinking, eating or
breathing, maybe swimming in a broader sense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These toxins do not affect everybody.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Medical scientists are discovering the route to the brain is from the
stomach in some cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persons who have
given their bodies to medical science for research have toxins in the brain.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
1999 the Florida legislature passed F.S. 379.2271-Harmful-Algal-Bloom (HAB) Task
Force Act<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and made an effort to fund some research for a short time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were no dissenting votes for this bill
indicating there was no public disagreement with studying the problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Congress got involved at some point and made
a federal case for research by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At NOAA you will find HABs occurred all
across the United States from the California coast to Lake Erie to New England
and Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several other bacteria are
implicated in these report studies.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b>Florida
officials assigned research tasks to three agencies -- Florida Department of
Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida Department of Environmental
Protection and the South Florida Water Management District to prepare a report
titled, Lake Okeechobee Protection Plan (LOPP).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The last such report is dated March 2011.<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This 463 page report has one page on algae
blooms covering the period from May 2004 to November 2009.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The hurricanes of 2004 and 2005 created HABs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
report authors claim “<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">This document fulfills the requirement
for a three-year update of the Lake Okeechobee Protection Plan (LOPP). It
focuses on the progress of the three Coordinating Agencies in reducing
phosphorus loads consistent with the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)</span><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 8pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">established for the lake as well as
increasing storage to achieve healthier lake levels and reduce harmful
discharges to the Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie estuaries. The document provides
(1) an introduction detailing the purpose of the LOPP Update, legislative
requirements, and a description of the Lake Okeechobee Watershed; (2) an
overview of the Lake Okeechobee Protection Program, including a description of
its components; (3) information on the current status of Lake Okeechobee; (4)
challenges in the watershed; (5) a review of past and current activities with
summaries of completed and ongoing projects and activities; and (6) strategies
for moving forward to reduce phosphorus loads to the lake and increase storage,
including funding requirements over the next three years, and other project
planning elements.”<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
[footnote omitted.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
report appears to be the last LOPP update in this format as new report labels
are now being applied to similar group of program reports.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since
the 11<sup>th</sup> Circuit Court of Appeals did not rule on the merits of the
conservation organizations’ claims in its June 19, 2017 decision, although the
suit was pending since it was filed in 2012, the organizations are
contemplating what to do next.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A review
of their websites in July 4, 2017 found no mentions of this court decision or
any plans for next steps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "timesnewromanpsmt" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></i>The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Palm Beach Post </i>on July 3, 2017 in an
article titled “Scott sees Lake O dike fix as algae solution” by Joel
Engelhardt mentioned several points.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
article updates Florida Governor Rick Scott’s efforts to obtain federal money
to complete repairs to the Lake O dike by 2022 at a cumulative total of $922
million.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interest groups disagree on
whether this expenditure will solve the problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers says it
must do a two or three year study to determine whether the water level in the
dike can be raised if all the work is completed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Congress
appropriated $765 million for repairs during the Obama years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still to be done are 35 miles of seepage
barrier and eight more culverts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Florida legislature in May 2017 at a special session appropriated $50 million
for reservoir construction to take the water storage problem off of the Lake O
dike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scott had asked for $200 million
for a 60,000 acre reservoir, but this is shrunk to 17,000 acres with the
smaller appropriation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The corporate sugar
farmers and several smaller farmers objected to the 60,000 acre project as it
would reduce jobs and crops. The current Trump Administration budget has only
$82 million in it now, less than half of the $200 million per year needed to
complete the dike repairs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
I have tried to place before you for consideration is the serious danger that
some of you and your families are facing by living where HABs occur more and
more frequently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I provide sources for a
variety of important information points on this subject. Water is becoming a
critical health and safety problem that cries out for sensible and workable
solutions that can be obtained only with great political skill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Do
we have any Republican politicians who can define and accomplish what needs to
be done?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Will any of them be elected to
Congress in 2018?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who are they and when
will they file to be on the ballot?<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
article first appeared in the July 2017 newsletter of the Palm Beach County
Republican Party. Mr. Skinner is a retired pharmacist and attorney.<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Florida Governor Executive Order 16-155, June 29, 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Florida
Wildlife Mgmt, et al v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineer, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">11<sup>th</sup> Circuit Court of Appeals – June 19,
2017, Case No. 4:12-cv-00355.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Case
dismissed under Federal Rule 19(b) for failure to join SFWMD in the suit.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcystis"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcystis</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accessed July 2, 2017</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> https://www.epa.gov/nutrient-policy-data/cyanobacteriacyanotoxins.
Accessed July 6, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Paul Allen Cox, Ph.D. at Jackson Hole in TEDx talks. Oct. 31, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jWi6WQQ9wo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "conv_optimaltstd" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Protein
Associated with Parkinson’s Disease Linked to Human Upper GI Tract Infections</span><span style="color: #545e6c; font-family: "conv_optimaltstd" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">, </span><a href="http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/676760/?sc=mwhr&xy=5040626"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/676760/?sc=mwhr&xy=5040626</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 10pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accessed June 27, 2017</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></i></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Brain Storms: The Race to Unlock the Mysteries of Parkinson’s Disease, 2015, Jon
Palfreman, Scientific American, 128, ISBN:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>978-0-374-71185-0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">
CS/2<sup>ND</sup> ENG/SB 2038 passed the Senate on April 23, 1999 by a vote of
38-0. The bill then passed the House with one $3 million appropriations
amendment on April 28, 1999 by a vote of 114-0, and the Senate concurred on
April 29, 1999 by a vote of 9-0.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Governor approved the bill on May 18, 1999, and designated Chapter No.
99-185.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The money was to be used for
research by the Florida Marine Research Institute.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">
For a 26 page list of NOAA reports on Harmful Algae Blooms (“HAB”), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see </i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">https://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=noaa.gov&commit=&page=24&query=harmful+Algal+Blooms&utf8=%E2%9C%93</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><a href="http://myfrontallobe.com/lopp_update_2011_3.pdf"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://myfrontallobe.com/lopp_update_2011_3.pdf</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, Accessed July 1, 2017</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///O:/IOMEGA_HDD%20(K)/Book%20Reviews%20&%20Articles%20for%20PBC%20REC/TOXIC%20ALGAE%20ARTICLES/THE%20TOXICITY%20TO%20HUMANS-7-6-17.docx" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lake
Okeechobee Protection Plan Update 2011, page 1,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><a href="https://sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/lopp_update_2011_ex_sum.pdf"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/lopp_update_2011_ex_sum.pdf</span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">,
Accessed July 2, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-58944718180167930592019-08-14T10:03:00.002-07:002019-08-14T10:03:19.680-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">SUPREME COURT RULES FEDERAL COURTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CANNOT DECIDE GERRYMANDERING CASES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">by William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">he
state legislatures in Maryland and North Carolina will be glad to know that
only state courts can now decide redistricting cases concerning Federal
elections, a decision issued June 27, 2019 by the Supreme Court of the United
States in <i>Rucho, et al. v. Common Cause, et al.</i>,</span> No.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> 18–422, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the North Carolina case. Together with No.
18–726, <i>Lamone et al. </i>v. <i>Benisek et al.</i>, on appeal from the
United States District Court for the District of Maryland</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">redistricting
that favors one political party over another has been a longstanding matter of
contention, but the Court declared it has run out of any arguments that it can
agree on to assume it has jurisdiction to decide these cases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In effect, the Supreme Court says it cannot
resolve these political cases in that court house.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Court Syllabus in <i>Rucho, </i>below<i>,
</i>is a summary of how the Court got the case and its interpretation and is
reproduced here as an aid to understanding the decision:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM4" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">Voters and other plaintiffs in North Carolina
and Maryland filed suits challenging their States’ congressional districting
maps as unconstitutional partisan gerrymanders. The North Carolina plaintiffs
claimed that the State’s districting plan discriminated against Democrats,
while the Maryland plaintiffs claimed that their State’s plan discriminated
against Republicans. The plaintiffs alleged violations of the First Amendment,
the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Elections Clause,
and Article I, §2. The District Courts in both cases ruled in favor of the
plaintiffs, and the defendants appealed directly to this Court. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM4" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">Held</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">:
Partisan gerrymandering claims present political questions beyond the reach of
the federal courts. Pp. 6–34.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM5" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">(a)
In these cases, the Court is asked to decide an important question of
constitutional law. Before it does so, the Court “must find that the question
is presented in a ‘case’ or ‘controversy’ that is . . . ‘of a Judiciary
Nature.’ ” <i>DaimlerChrysler Corp. </i>v. <i>Cuno</i>, 547 U. S. 332, 342.
While it is “the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the
law is,” <i>Marbury </i>v. <i>Madison</i>, 1 Cranch 137, 177, sometimes the
law is that the Judiciary cannot entertain a claim because it presents a
nonjusticiable “political question,” <i>Baker </i>v. <i>Carr</i>, 369 U. S. 186,
217. Among the political question cases this Court has identified are those
that lack “judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving
[them].” <i>Ibid. </i>This Court’s partisan gerrymandering cases have left
unresolved the question whether such claims are claims of <i>legal </i>right,
resolvable according to <i>legal </i>principles, or political questions that
must find their resolution elsewhere. See <i>Gill </i>v. <i>Whitford</i>, 585
U. S. ___, ___. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM5" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">Partisan
gerrymandering was known in the Colonies prior to Independence, and the
Framers were familiar with it at the time of the drafting and ratification of
the Constitution. They addressed the election of Representatives to Congress in
the Elections Clause, Art. I, §4, cl. 1, assigning to state legislatures the power
to prescribe the “Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections” for Members of
Congress, while giving Congress the power to “make or alter” any such
regulations. Congress has regularly exercised its Elections Clause power,
including to address partisan gerrymandering. But the Framers did not set aside
all electoral issues as questions that only Congress can resolve. In two
areas—one-person, one-vote and racial gerrymandering—this Court has held that
there is a role for the courts with respect to at least some issues that could
arise from a State’s drawing of congressional districts. But the history of
partisan gerrymandering is not irrelevant. Aware of electoral districting problems,
the Framers chose a characteristic approach, assigning the issue to the state
legislatures, expressly checked and balanced by the Federal Congress, with no
suggestion that the federal courts had a role to play.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM8" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">Courts
have nonetheless been called upon to resolve a variety of questions surrounding
districting. The claim of population inequality among districts in <i>Baker </i>v.
<i>Carr</i>, for example, could be decided under basic equal protection
principles. 369 U. S., at 226. Racial discrimination in districting also
raises constitutional issues that can be addressed by the federal courts. See <i>Gomillion
</i>v. <i>Lightfoot</i>, 364 U. S. 339, 340. Partisan gerrymandering claims
have proved far more difficult to adjudicate, in part because “a jurisdiction
may engage in constitutional political gerrymandering.” <i>Hunt </i>v. <i>Cromartie</i>,
526 </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">U. S. 541, 551. To hold that
legislators cannot take their partisan interests into account when drawing
district lines would essentially countermand the Framers’ decision to entrust
districting to political entities. The “central problem” is “determining when
political gerrymandering has gone too far.” <i>Vieth </i>v. <i>Jubelirer</i>,
541 U. S. 267, 296 (plurality opinion). Despite considerable efforts in <i>Gaffney
</i>v. <i>Cummings</i>, 412 U. S. 735, 753; <i>Davis </i>v. <i>Bandemer</i>,
478 U. S. 109, 116– 117; <i>Vieth, </i>541 U. S., at 272–273; and <i>League of
United Latin American Citizens </i>v. <i>Perry</i>, 548 U. S. 399, 414 (<i>LULAC</i>),
this Court’s prior cases have left “unresolved whether . . . claims [of legal
right] may be brought in cases involving allegations of partisan gerrymandering,”
<i>Gill, </i>585 U. S., at ___. Two “threshold questions” remained: standing,
which was addressed in <i>Gill</i>, and “whether [such] claims are justiciable.”
<i>Ibid. </i>Pp. 6–14.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">(b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any standard
for resolving partisan gerrymandering claims must be grounded in a “limited and
precise rationale” and be “clear, manageable, and politically neutral.” Vieth,
541 U. S., at 306–308 (Kennedy, J., concurring in judgment). The question is
one of degree: How to “provid[e] a standard for deciding how much partisan
dominance is too much.” LULAC, 548 U. S., at 420 (opinion of Kennedy, J.).
Partisan gerrymandering claims rest on an instinct that groups with a certain
level of political support should enjoy a commensurate level of political power
and influence. Such claims invariably sound in a desire for proportional
representation, but the Constitution does not require proportional
representation, and federal courts are neither equipped nor authorized to
apportion political power as a matter of fairness. It is not even clear what
fairness looks like in this context. It may mean achieving a greater number of
competitive districts by undoing packing and cracking so that supporters of the
disadvantaged party have a better shot at electing their preferred candidates.
But it could mean engaging in cracking and packing to ensure each party its
“appropriate” share of “safe” seats. Or perhaps it should be measured by
adherence to “traditional” districting criteria. Deciding among those different
visions of fairness poses basic questions that are political, not legal. There
are no legal standards discernible in the Constitution for making such
judgments. And it is only after determining how to define fairness that one can
even begin to answer the determinative question: “How much is too much?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">The fact that the Court can adjudicate one-person,
one-vote claims does not mean that partisan gerrymandering claims are
justiciable. This Court’s one-person, one-vote cases recognize that each person
is entitled to an equal say in the election of representatives. It hardly follows
from that principle that a person is entitled to have his political party
achieve representation commensurate to its share of statewide support. Vote
dilution in the one-person, one-vote cases refers to the idea that each vote
must carry equal weight. That requirement does not extend to political parties;
it does not mean that each party must be influential in proportion to the
number of its supporters. The racial gerrymandering cases are also inapposite: They
call for the elimination of a racial classification, but a partisan
gerrymandering claim cannot ask for the elimination of partisanship. Pp. 15–21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">(c) None of the proposed “tests” for evaluating
partisan gerrymandering claims meets the need for a limited and precise
standard that is judicially discernible and manageable. Pp. 22–30.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">(1) The Common Cause District Court concluded that all
but one of the districts in North Carolina’s 2016 Plan violated the Equal
Protection Clause by intentionally diluting the voting strength of Demo</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">crats.
It applied a three-part test, examining intent, effects, and causation. The
District Court’s “predominant intent” prong is borrowed from the test used in
racial gerrymandering cases. However, unlike race-based decision making, which
is “inherently suspect,” <i>Miller </i>v. <i>Johnson</i>, 515 U. S. 900, 915,
districting for some level of partisan advantage is not unconstitutional.
Determining that lines were drawn on the basis of partisanship does not
indicate that districting was constitutionally impermissible. The <i>Common
Cause </i>District Court also required the plaintiffs to show that vote
dilution is “likely to persist” to such a degree that the elected representatives
will feel free to ignore the concerns of the supporters of the minority party.
Experience proves that accurately predicting electoral outcomes is not simple,
and asking judges to predict how a particular districting map will perform in
future elections risks basing constitutional holdings on unstable ground
outside judicial expertise. The District Court’s third prong—which gave the
defendants an opportunity to show that discriminatory effects were due to a
“legitimate redistricting objective”—just restates the question asked at the
“predominant intent” prong. Pp. 22–25.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">(2) The District Courts also found partisan
gerrymandering claims justiciable under the First Amendment, coalescing around
a basic three-part test: proof of intent to burden individuals based on their
voting history or party affiliation, an actual burden on political speech or
associational rights, and a causal link between the invidious intent and
actual burden. But their analysis offers no “clear” and “manageable” way of
distinguishing permissible from impermissible partisan motivation. Pp. 25–27.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">(3) Using
a State’s own districting criteria as a baseline from which to measure how
extreme a partisan gerrymander is would be indeterminate and arbitrary. Doing
so would still leave open the question of how much political motivation and
effect is too much. Pp. 27–29. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">(4) The North Carolina District Court further held that
the 2016 Plan violated Article I, §2, and the Elections Clause, Art. I, §4, cl.
1. But the <i>Vieth </i>plurality concluded—without objection from any other
Justice—that neither §2 nor §4 “provides a judicially enforceable limit on the
political considerations that the States and Congress may take into account
when districting.” 541 U. S., at 305. Any assertion that partisan gerrymanders
violate the core right of voters to choose their representatives is an
objection more likely grounded in the Guarantee Clause of Article IV, §4, which
“guarantee[s] to every State in [the] Union a Republican Form of Government.”
This Court has several times concluded that the Guarantee Clause does not pro</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">vide
the basis for a justiciable claim. See, <i>e.g., Pacific States Telephone
& Telegraph Co. </i>v. <i>Oregon</i>, 223 U. S. 118. Pp. 29–30.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">(d)
The conclusion that partisan gerrymandering claims are not justiciable neither
condones excessive partisan gerrymandering nor condemns complaints about
districting to echo into a void. Numerous States are actively addressing the
issue through state constitutional amendments and legislation placing power to
draw electoral districts in the hands of independent commissions, mandating
particular districting criteria for their mapmakers, or prohibiting drawing
district lines for partisan advantage. The Framers also gave Congress the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">power
to do something about partisan gerrymandering in the Elections Clause. That
avenue for reform established by the Framers, and used by Congress in the past,
remains open. Pp. 30–34. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Century Schoolbook";">318
F. Supp. 3d 777 and 348 F. Supp. 3d 493, vacated and remanded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">R</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">OBERTS</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">HOMAS</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, A</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">LITO</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, G</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">ORSUCH</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, and K</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">AVANAUGH</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, JJ.,
joined. K</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">AGAN</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which G</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">INSBURG</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, B</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">REYER</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, and S</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;">OTOMAYOR</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">, JJ.,
joined.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The opinion language follows the
Synopsis which has no standing like the opinion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The entire opinion is 72 pages and may be
found at</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">: </span><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/18-422_9ol1.pdf"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/18-422_9ol1.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This case will be a matter of contention in many future gerrymandering
cases. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is important because state
courts will be able to decide district lines until some new legal arguments are
dreamed up by challengers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As state legislative redistricting
cases go, Florida had recently ping ponged cases<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>through the state court system with
judges helping to write the lines that describe the state House and Senate
boundaries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can probably expect more
of these cases to come up after the 2020 Census.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is time for constitutional and
statutory remedies to be suggested now if we want to get ahead of the process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the 1990 Census, the author participated
in a Maryland case titled <i>Legislative Redistricting Cases</i> in Maryland,
331 Md 574, 629 A.2d 646 (1993).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
filed a legal challenge to Governor William Donald Schaefer’s Redistricting
Advisory Committee’s plan filed under Maryland’s Constitution and laws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were six other challenger interests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I represented Sidney Weiner and myself as
residents of Montgomery County, a jurisdiction similar in size and political
composition as Palm Beach County.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Weiner
was a Republican with a Ph.D. in statistics who helped me frame part of our
arguments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our case was filed as
Miscellaneous No. 17 in the Court of Appeals that were heard by a Special
Master, a retired Court of Appeals Judge. The filings and hearing transcripts
were then provided to the judges.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our arguments
were that the Governor’s plan 1) violated the “due regard” provision requiring
that natural boundaries and political subdivision be given notice; 2) the plan
create districts of unequal population; 3) that the plan violates First
Amendment Rights; and 4) that the plan did not comprehensively describe the
districts it establishes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This case was
about state legislative districts, not Congressional districts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Maryland process resulted in
Congressional Districts that varied as little as 12 votes to up to 10 percent
under the one man, one vote rules.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
Maryland could not find a way to make state districts of 100,000 voters any
closer than 10,000 votes each. The final opinion came out on August 24, 1993
and consumed more than two years in the process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some public commentator opined that
the statistical arguments about First Amendment rights caused the Court of
Appeals (Maryland’s top court) to go to the precipice or edge of the cliff, but
they did not fall over the side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
First Amendment arguments used in the1993 decision in Maryland were picked up
by attorneys in several more recent cases in other states, but these have not
worked there either.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 32 years I
lived in Maryland the state only gained a Republican governor the year we moved
to Florida and since then a second Republican, Larry Hogan, was elected
governor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The majority party in Maryland
continues to be the Democratic Party in 2019. The Democrats have 2.2 million,
the Republicans have 1 million and the total number of voters is 4 million. In
North Carolina, there are now 6.7 million voters including 2.5 million
Democrats, 2 million Republicans, and 2.2 million unaffiliated voters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Florida as of June 30, 2019 has 13.4
million voters including 4.7 million Republicans, and 4.9 million Democrats.
Florida has new leadership in the executive branch and the Supreme Court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Republicans still control the House and
Senate. The future depends on how the parties’ are credited by the voters
between now and the 2020 elections. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Skinner
retired to Florida in 2003 and was first elected to the Republican Executive
Committee in that year. [Photo]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-2730152891914033482019-05-17T10:10:00.001-07:002019-05-17T10:10:52.176-07:00<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">HOW LINCOLN BECAME
A BELIEVER<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">By William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">M</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">ost
people have not given much thought to whether or not Abraham Lincoln, 16<sup>th</sup>
President of the United States, was a believer in God or a member of a
particular faith group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On February 14,
2019, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wall Street Journal </i>newspaper
printed an article about how Lincoln, when he was a circuit-riding railroad
lawyer in Illinois in 1852, came across a vest pocket book of Scripture
containing snippets for 366 days in the year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">WSJ</i> article by John J.
Miller, director of the Dow Journalism Program at Hillsdale College speculates
about how Lincoln obtained the “The Believer’s Daily Treasure” that was sold by
the Religious Tract Society in London.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lincoln was a believer and I think this can be established.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Miller’s article quotes Carl
Sandburg, an author and poet, who compiled Lincoln’s papers in an eight volume
set with a separate 378 page index that was published in the 1950s by The
Abraham Lincoln Society with the Rutgers University Press, as saying “How
Abraham Lincoln acquired his copy is the devotional, we do not know.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Miller suggested Mary Todd Lincoln may have
bought it for him. Sandburg’s (1878-1967) comments, perhaps from his research
papers for his Pulitzer award winning Lincoln biography, about the
circumstances of Lincoln’s receipt of the booklet in an introduction in the
front of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln’s Devotional</i>
that was recently reprinted in 1995. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Miller also says a copy of the
devotional book was found, with the “A. Lincoln” signature in the front, by a
Lincoln memorabilia collector, Carl Haverlin. The signature was authenticated
by experts at the Library of Congress and at the Chicago Abraham Lincoln Book
Shop, whose manuscript expert found the booklet of interest and “a possible
clue to the source of some of his references to religion.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Miller further uncovered a reference to “John
Jay, an antislavery activist who shared his name with his Founding-era
grandfather who once recalled seeing Lincoln read a pocket edition of the New
Testament.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Grandfather John Jay was
the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who also helped write the treaty
to settle the Revolutionary War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jay, a
member of the Church of England, was also the first vice president (1816-1821)
and later second president (1821-1827) of the American Bible Society founded by
Elias Boudinot, a New Jersey lawyer and a local Presbyterian Church trustee.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Miller has more to say about Lincoln
and the devotional booklet, but I will leave you to get the full article from
the newspaper account or from Miller.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What I want to add to this quest about Lincoln’s religion are some
details I began to learn a few years ago from reading the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church</i> in Washington,
D.C. by Frank E. Edgington published in 1962. Library of Congress Card Catalog
Number 61-11471. 369 pp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I purchased a
copy from a bookseller on Amazon and when it arrived, I noticed it was signed
by Edgington.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During the period from 1970 to 2003
I was an attorney in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I started practicing law in the D.C. area as
General Counsel and Assistant Executive Director to the American Association of
Colleges of Pharmacy in late 1970. Three years later I joined Raymond McMurray
and William Pendergast in their boutique Food and Drug law firm on 18<sup>th</sup>
Street, where I practiced for three years. During this time, I continued to
represent the AACP for another five years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I was chosen by the U.S. Pharmacopeia Board as its outside counsel
during my move to the five-member law firm. The USP was my client for about 25
years. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After three more years with
McMurray & Pendergast, I established my own office in D.C at 515 15<sup>th</sup>
Street, N.W. across the street from the VA offices and McPherson Park, just a
block and a half from the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, I could from time to time stop in the
church to see what was happening and as our young family of four children grew
older, we visited the church with the Cub Scouts a few times on hiking trails
in downtown D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You can learn more about the Church’s
history from its current (2019) website at </span><a href="http://www.nyapc.org/history/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: "calibri";">http://www.nyapc.org/history/</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, but this source will
not be as complete as the Edgington book or other information I will share in
this article. But first, let me set the stage by bringing you up to date on how
this website connects Lincoln to this church in its brief discussion of the
connections between President Lincoln, the church, and President Eisenhower,
who was baptized as an adult, with the following section of the web NYAPC
history<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><strong><span style="border: 1pt currentcolor; color: #4f6128; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; padding: 0in;">Lincoln
and “Under God”</span></strong><b><span style="border: 1pt currentcolor; color: #4f6128; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; padding: 0in;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> To
commemorate the 60th Anniversary of “Under God” sermon by Dr. George M.
Docherty on February 7, 1954, the Presbyterian Historical Society will place
the article, “Lincoln and Under God,” on its blog and in their electronic
newsletter.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“Under
God” was first added by Lincoln to his Gettysburg Address while at Gettysburg.
All of Lincoln’s preliminary drafts of the Gettysburg Address contained no
mention of “under God,” while all newspaper reports and copies of the address
thereafter included the words “under God.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Why did
Lincoln add “under God” at Gettysburg? Perhaps his reason might be best
understood through the words of his minister, Dr. Phineas D. Gurley of the New
York Avenue Presbyterian Church. Dr. Gurley noted that “…in the latter days of
his chastened and weary life, after the death of his son Willie and his visit
to the battlefield at Gettysburg, he said to me with tears in his eyes, that he
had lost confidence in everything but God….”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Years
later, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address inspired the historic “Under God” sermon
that was preached on Lincoln Sunday, February 7, 1954, by Dr. George M.
Docherty at Lincoln’s Church, The New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. Dr.
Docherty noted “there was something missing” in our Pledge of Allegiance, and
that was “under G.” President Eisenhower was in attendance. The President
immediately prompted Congress to pass legislation adding the wording “under
God” to our Pledge of Allegiance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">So Lincoln’s
need for God at Gettysburg led to the addition of “under God” to his Gettysburg
Address and, later, to our Pledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You may be aware in current times (2019)
groups raise money for and against the attack of the “Under God” reference in
the Pledge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this battle over the
meaning of the First Amendment provisions of the Freedom of Religion other
groups claim they are responsible for adding “Under God” to the Pledge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am not denying that many groups did work
very hard to persuade the Congress to enact legislation to add “under God” to
the Pledge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one worked with more
powerful persuasion than President Dwight Eisenhower who heard about Lincoln’s
reasons in a sermon at this church that he occasionally attended. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eisenhower was the only President who
had also made a decision to become baptized as an adult. “<span style="background: white; color: #181818; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">On February 1, 1953,
just 10 days after his inauguration, Eisenhower was baptized and welcomed into
the National Presbyterian Church by the Rev. Edward Elson. Eisenhower remains
the only president ever to have been baptized while in office, and his work to
link faith and American identity has influenced political debate in the country
for half a century since.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See </i></span></span><a href="https://www.history.com/news/eisenhower-billy-graham-religion-in-god-we-trust"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">https://www.history.com/news/eisenhower-billy-graham-religion-in-god-we-trust</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I first learned about Lincoln’s
faith journey from a recorded TV sermon by Rev. Dr. D. James Kennedy, Pastor of
the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. This was not
taught in my Sunday School, high school or college American history classes. Later
my interest was roused again and I contacted the Coral Ridge Ministries, which
was no longer directly a part of the Ft. Lauderdale church after Dr. Kennedy
died for more information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among staff
suggestions was to check the history of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church
and the Lincoln Museum across from Ford’s Theatre in D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since then I have read several books about
Lincoln, but none flat out state he became a Christian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 2000, Professor Allen C. Guelzo
of Gettysburg College won the Lincoln prize for his book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President, </i>1999, William Erdmans publishing
Co. I wrote to Guelzo in 2007 to ask if he had ever seen the Edgington book and
whether he considered the possibility that Lincoln was about to join the NYAPC on
Easter Sunday, but was assassinated three days before on Good Friday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Guelzo replied that he did not mention the
history of this church accept in passing and categorically denied that Lincoln
had ever been baptized, took communion, made a verbal confession of faith, and
had made no written record that he had ever done these things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Guelzo said that Rev. Gurley’s diary has
disappeared and there are no church records indicating Lincoln wanted to or had
arranged to join the church.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the early 2000s the Internet
has added many more resources from libraries and museums and it has become much
easier to research parts of the story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps
we will never know if Lincoln wanted to become a Presbyterian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But let us take a closer look at Lincoln’s
life in Washington, D.C. The facts seem to indicate Lincoln found his “Kingdom”
again in the NYAPC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the Edgington book there is a
chapter titled, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Hlk7346062"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Lincoln Family and the New York Avenue Church </i>at pages 231 to 253. </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next chapter is titled, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lincoln Pew, </i>from 254 to 256,
followed by a chapter, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Symbol of
Freedom</i>, from page 258 to 265,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>about
the presentation of the original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to the
New York Avenue Presbyterian Church on December 20, 1951, by Barney Balaban,
President of Paramount Pictures Corporation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The next chapter is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dr. Sizoo and
the Lincoln Family, </i>from page 266 to 274.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These 40 pages are the main pages of
the book that I want interested readers to have an understanding about to make
their own interpretations of what these chapters say or mean. Below is a summary
the content of the 40 pages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
remainder of the book contains much information about people and programs over
the years. The 1962 book was copyrighted by Edgington and when he died a member
of the church, he left money to the church in a trust fund to support poor
people in D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Lincoln Family
and the New York Avenue Church </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">at pages 234 to 253.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abraham Lincoln and his oldest son,
Robert, then a student at Harvard, left Springfield, Illinois, in February,
1861, on the Great Western Railroad and said farewell to friends and the town’s
people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abraham would not return until
his burial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln said good bye to
Rev. James Smith, D.D. of the First Presbyterian Church who had comforted him
when young Eddie passed away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The family
reunited at the Willard Hotel in a short time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the Inauguration, Mrs. Mary
Lincoln sent for the plan of seating arrangements at the New York Avenue
Presbyterian Church. The first Sunday after moving into the White House, the
family was in their pew.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During their
first year, Willie and Tad often attended the Fourth Presbyterian Church with
their friends, the Taft boys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a
story about Lincoln taking the boys to task for attending there and the two
replied it was more fun there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln
told them, “But I didn’t know that you went to church for fun.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The boys replied, Oh, yes, papa!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You just ought to see those old rebels slam
their pew doors and stamp out when the minister prays for the President of the
United States.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Abraham and Dr. Gurley were friends
and Gurley was frequently at the White House.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dr. Gurley’s daughter was nice about greeting the Lincoln’s at church
after the services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Lincoln was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>quick to notice a love affair beginning to
flourish between Miss Fannie and William Anthony Elderkin, a West Point
cadet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their war-time romance was later
published in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Times, </i>but
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times </i>mistakenly printed that
Fannie was the daughter of a different pastor who was claimed to be at the New
York Avenue Presbyterian Church (NYAPC). (This is what President Donald Trump
would call “fake news” today.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Elderkin’s grandson, William
Elderkin Huntington, presented the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
York Times </i>with a corrected story about the wedding at NYAPC that is four
pages in the Edgington book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This story
is reproduced here for easy reference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lincoln’s Part In
A Wartime Romance<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></b></span></i></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">A Hitherto
Unpublished Story of</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">A Young Soldier
Who Obeyed</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">His Summons</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The following story
of Abraham Lincoln has never, I think, appeared in print before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It illustrates a side of his life with which
we are least familiar – his intimate personal life with his friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was told me by Mrs. Elderkin herself about
four years ago, and at her request I wrote it out for publication.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Abraham Lincoln’s life was a
troubled one all the days of his Presidency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is perhaps not widely known whence he drew the source of his
unfailing trust in the ultimate good which the war must bring about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sustained his courage and buoyed up his
hopes with the simple remedy of prayer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Whenever a great battle was about to be fought, whenever he received
news of some terrible disaster, whatever the time, day or night, it was the
President’s custom to send hos carriage for his pastor, Dr. Gurley, to come to
the White House to pray.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many a night
have these devoted friends spent upon their knees in the capital, while the
soldiers and the Union were matching their last sleep before battle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“This
is the story of the marriage of Dr. Gurley’s daughter, a young girl in whom the
President felt a deep interest, since her father was one of his closest friends,
the man for whom he sent in time of doubt or trouble.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“As
soon as the news of the fall of Fort Sumter reached Lincoln, he sent for Dr.
Gurley to come to the White House that they might pray together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a few hours spent in seeking comfort
and advice from God, the devine started to leave for his home, when the
President delayed him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“’What
of your daughter?’” he asked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘She is
engaged to young Elderkin, is she not?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And he is a member of the graduating class at West Point, and must be
called to the front at once.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will be
hard for that girl.’ He talked for some time with the father, and asked him to
send his daughter to the White House. ‘I must talk with her,’ he said.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘If there is a war, Elderkin must take part
in it.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He has seen at once that if war
must come, Elderkin be an even better soldier with a wife and home of his own
to fight for.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“The
President had seen the young lady and talked with her **** his wonderful powers
of persuasion, assisted in this case, beyond doubt, by the girls own
heart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Miss Gurley has but one doubt in
her mind, and this she felt that even the wonderful President could not
remove.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had no clothes in which to
be married.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There could be no wedding in
Washington; her father’s daughter could not be married in any unsuitable
garments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The President smiled his
happy, one-sided, and wholly beautiful smile. ‘I’ll see what I can do,’ he
said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Dr.
Gurley was the pastor of a large church, his daughter was known and loved by
the congregation, her engagement to the West Point Cadet and his summons to the
front had awakened much sympathy for her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They were ready to answer Abraham Lincoln’s call.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“The
President’s carriage went about the city bent upon a strange errand – he was
borrowing a trousseau.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The quest was a
very successful one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln had seen
Miss Gurley in the morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He has sent
the dispatch to Elderkin immediately afterward.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">“That evening the bride’s outfit was ready.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wife of one of the President’s
Secretaries lent a veil, a historic bit of lace that had been in the family
many years; another lady sent a fan, a present of an honored Ambassador to the
United States; a third friend produced white satin slippers that had adorned
the feet that danced with Lafayette.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Seldom has one small bride worn so many historic and valuable things.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“A
leave of absence signed by the President of the United States could not be
disregarded even in the face of war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So,
on the next morning after the eventful conversation between the President and
Miss Gurley, young Elderkin arrived in Washington to attend his own wedding.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Dr.
Gurley performed the ceremony, after which President Lincoln stood by the side
of the bride and received with her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“That
the Gurley family at the manse was held in affectionate remembrance by Mrs.
Lincoln is evidenced by the gift of a Thanksgiving turkey from the Eastern
Shore, accompanied by this note:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;">Executive Mansion<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;">My Dear Mrs.
Gurley:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It affords me much pleasure to
hear that your family are recovering.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
have had so serious a time with our little Taddy, but we can deeply sympathize
with you in any such trouble.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We have received from Baltimore
a small supply of poultry, am I taking too great a liberty with you, to ask
your acceptance of a turkey for Thanksgiving dinner?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hoping to soon have the pleasure of seeing
yourself and the Dr. remain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Very
truly,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Mary
Lincoln<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;">November 24, 1864<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The remaining pages of this chapter
tell of stories of the Lincoln family interactions with events of the war in
Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At one point the church was
told it would be transformed into a hospital and Dr. Gurley announced that
services would be suspended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln
stood up in the service and told those present that this action was being taken
without his consent and he countermanded the order saying, “The churches are
needed as never before for devine services.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In early 1862 Willie Lincoln caught
a cold that took a serious turn so that Willie died on February 20.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Gurley visited Willie while he was sick
and Willie gave him his little bank containing some money Willie had collected for
the Sunday School mission work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
recorded in the minutes of the annual meeting of the church in March 1862 as
being announced by Dr. Gurley when the treasurer of the Sunday School gave his
report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Gurley gave the funeral sermon
for Willie at the White House on February 24, 1862.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Filling out this chapter there are several
remembrances by church members who had connections with the Lincoln family
members. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of these is about when a
shabbily dressed man, bewildered and ill at ease, wonder down the aisle without
any usher assisting him, when Lincoln put out his long arm and hauled him into
the Lincoln pew and made him welcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Another instance of Lincoln’s
feelings about the church was a statement given to the Chronicle of Arlington,
Virginia, attributed to School Superintendent Dr. Newton D. Bateman that was
quoted in its editorial as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“One Bateman who was Superintendent
of Schools of the State of Illinois relates that Lincoln said to him – ‘I am
not a Christian and I know that I am right.’ and again, ‘It is claimed that
Lincoln worshipped there and as receding years make safe any sort of claim, it
is now said that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln rented a pew
there.’”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, the above statement was not
taken down properly or was transmitted incomplete.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edgington says the real statement Mr. Lincoln
made was indicated as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The statement Dr. Newton D. Bateman really
made was quite contrary to the one given to the Chronicle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Lincoln often went to Dr. Bateman’s
office for a quiet talk. What he did say was, ‘Just before the election of 1860
a careful canvass of the City of Springfield had been taken and Mr. Lincoln was
anxious to know how the ministers were going to vote.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The list was before Mr. Lincoln and with me
he carefully examined it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nearly all of
the ministers were against him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Drawing
from his pocket a small copy of the new Testament Mr. Lincoln said, ‘I am not a
Christian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>God knows I would be
one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have carefully read the Bible and
I do not understand this Book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I know
there is a God and he hates injustice and slavery and I see the storm coming,
and I know that He has – I think I am ready.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I am nothing but truth is everything and I know that I am right because
I know that liberty is right for Christ teaches it and Christ is God.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have told them that a house divided
against itself cannot stand and Christ and reason say the same and they will
find it so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If I am elected with God’s
help I shall not fail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I may not see the
end, but it will come and I shall be vindicated and these men will find they
have not read their Bibles aright.’”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln also frequently attended the
mid-week prayer meeting by slipping into the side door of the church and by
agreement with Dr. Gurley who would leave the paneled door leading to the
lecture room left ajar so that he could share the inspiration of the meeting a
pray with the members of the church for the things nearest to his heart without
being a focus of attention.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Another story angle on Lincoln’s
participation in the NYAPC was found in a letter from Dr. William Henry
Roberts, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1907,
commenting to a friend that when he attended services there in 1863 for about a
year and a half while in Washington, D.C., he saw Lincoln stand up for prayer,
and commented on the mid-week prayer meeting arrangement with the door ajar
that was started to avoid the members of the church petitioning Lincoln about
personal requests.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Quotations from Dr. Gurley are
included, but the printed source of this information is not mentioned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The point made by these quotations was that
Lincoln was trying to make up his mind whether to join the church and Dr.
Gurley said that he thought it was Lincoln’s intention to make a profession of
religion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The chapter contains a reproduced
affidavit-type document signed by a member of the church with a document in affidavit
form, signed by an attorney attesting to the matters stated therein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The document’s content speaks for itself
below.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The whereabouts of the affidavit
now is not described.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Edgington
book, the document is at pp. 244-245.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">STATE OF NEW JERSEY, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>}<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>}<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SS:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">COUNTY OFF ESSEX.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mrs. Sidney I. Lauck<a href="file:///L:/Lincoln%20Religion/HOW%20LINCOLN%20BECAME%20A%20BELIEVER.may.16.2019.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, of full age, being duly
sworn upon her oath, according to law, deposes and says that: --<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I am a resident of East Orange,
New Jersey, living at 16 South Walnut Street, in the said city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was born in Washington, D.C. on the 29<sup>th</sup>
day of March, 1834, and resided in that city all my life, until a few years ago
I moved to the City of East Orange and have lived in East Orange up until this
time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During the period when Abraham
Lincoln was President of the United States of America, I was a member of the
New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abraham Lincoln was a regular attendant at
the church, not only at Sunday services, also at Mid-week Prayer Meetings, for
he was most unostentatious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would
take his place in a room, adjoining the main room where the people were
assembled and would leave the door ajar, so he might hear the services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His reasons for wishing to remain in this
adjoining room were that his modesty constrained him to avoid publicity, which
could have come from his mingling with the small group at these Mid-week Prayer
Meetings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was at his request that he
sat in the adjoining room and with the door open about six inches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wanted to attend the Mid-week Prayer
meetings, but he felt that he only wanted to attend them in the manner
aforesaid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was common knowledge among
the people of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church that Mr. Lincoln attended
regularly these Mid-week Prayer Meetings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I can see him still, as he would
come up swinging up the aisle on Sunday morning, with his boys following him
and then he would stand at his pew until they filed in; he would then take his
seat at the end next to the aisle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The pastor of the New York
Avenue Presbyterian Church aforesaid, at the time Mr. Lincoln attended said
Church, was the Reverend * Melville D. Gurley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I was a friend of Frances Gurley, the daughter of the aforesaid pastor,
* Melville D. Gurley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I attended the
home of the said * Melville D. Gurley so often, that I was considered almost
one of the family.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I knew Mr. Lincoln; I was introduced
by * Melville D. Gurley aforesaid whom we knew as Dr. Gurley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On numerous occasions Dr. Gurley and I talked
particularly about Mr. Lincoln.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After Mr. Lincoln’s death, Dr.
Gurley told me that Mr. Lincoln had made all of the necessary arrangements with
him and the SESSION of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church to be received
into the membership of said church, by confession of his faith in Christ, on
the Easter Sunday following the Friday night when Mr. Lincoln was assassinated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the time of the experience
herein stated, I was about 30 years of age and remember clearly and distinctly
the facts herein stated.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sworn and
Subscribed to,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> before me this 15<sup>th</sup>
,<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">day of February,
1928.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Signed)<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>(Signed)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> GEORGE W. PERRY<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>SIDNEY
I. LAUCK<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atty. at law of New Jersey.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">* For Melville D.
Gurley the name should read Phineas D. Gurley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mrs. Lauck subsequently made the correction at one of the Lincoln Day
Dinners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melville D. Gurley was the son
of Dr. Phineas D. Gurley.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The asterisk was apparently used
by Edgington to point out that Mrs. Lauck was remembering the name Melville,
the son of Dr. Phineas Gurley, when she gave and signed her statement for
Attorney Perry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Edgington book does
not list any repository for the affidavit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>New Jersey case law would have to be researched for the time of the
signing and changing to determine any legal effects the change made.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this and Dr. Phineas D. Gurley’s diaries
and sermons, one might look at the Peterson House where Lincoln was laid to
wait on death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a museum there
that contains more than 3,000 items.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>From the Peterson House Museum website,
the following paragraph explains what happened to many Lincoln papers from
Springfield and Washington, D.C.:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black;">The
May 2, 1926 Washington Post announced the purchase with a banner headline
reading, “Gets Storehouse of Lincoln Relics: Government Action Assures
Preservation of Oldroyd Collection Here.” The newspaper column reported,
“Captain Oldroyd has been gathering the collection for 63 years, having started
on this patriotic work of love for his chieftain soon after he was released
from service in the internecine strife (Civil War). Mr. Oldroyd is now 80 years
old. Having for years been a student of Lincoln, acting as guide for his
collection all through its formation, Capt. Oldroyd has become a rich source of
Lincoln traditions. Passage by Congress of the measure authorizing the purchase
of the Oldroyd collection, 3,000 authentic Lincoln mementos now on display in
the historic Petersen House where the martyred president died, will preserve
for future generations making pilgrimages to Washington a great store house of
materials identified with Lincoln tradition.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">See </span></i><a href="http://weeklyview.net/2017/07/20/osborn-oldroyd-keeper-of-the-lincoln-flame-part-2/"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">http://weeklyview.net/2017/07/20/osborn-oldroyd-keeper-of-the-lincoln-flame-part-2/</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><em> </em></span>The NYAPC chapter in Edgington’s
book continues with the text of a sermon by Rev. Dr. Phineas D. Gurley given in
the East Room of the White House for Lincoln’s funeral service on April
19,1865.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The title of the sermon, which
covers six and a half pages, single spaced, in type font between 4 and 5, was
“Have Faith in God.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We include the verbatim version of
the sermon to make this readily available and an effort to convey as much
information as we can to spread the word about what may be available for future
researchers with the interest to uncover more interesting facts about Lincoln. Here
is the sermon.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">His<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>sermon<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>occasion<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>directs<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">
</span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>thoughts<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Lincoln's</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>deep-seated <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">faith</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.2pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 3pt;"> </span>of
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> national</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">significance</span>.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt 43.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">It was<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">f</span>ollows:<span style="letter-spacing: -2.4pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 9pt; position: relative; top: -5.5pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 12.4pt; margin: 3.2pt 77.25pt 0pt 68.3pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">"H<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">A</span>VE<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>FAITH<span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span>IN<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>G<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">O</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">"
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;">- </span>MARK 1<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">1</span>:22</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.4pt; margin: 0in 74.7pt 8pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Sermon</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt; position: relative; top: -4pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Delivered<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>East<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Room
of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">E</span>xecutive <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">Mansion</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.6pt; margin: 0in 77.1pt 8pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wednesday,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>April 19th,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>1865</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 110%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> At</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.05pt; margin: 0in 77.25pt 8pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>Funeral<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Abraham<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>Lincoln,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">
</span>President<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>United<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>States</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.5pt; margin: 0in 77.15pt 8pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">By</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 11.7pt; margin: 0in 76.5pt 0pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Rev.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>P.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>D.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>Gurley,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>D.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>D.</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.6pt; margin: 0in 75.9pt 8pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pastor<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Y</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">ork</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>Avenue<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>Presbyterian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>Church</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.2pt; margin: 0in 75.3pt 8pt 68.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Washington, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">D.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%;">AS<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>WE<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">STAND</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>HERE<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>TODAY,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>MOURNERS<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>AROUND<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>THIS</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%;">COFFIN<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>AND<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>AROUND<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>THE<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>LIFELESS<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>REMAINS<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>OF<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>OUR<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>BELOVED<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>CHIEF<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>MAGISTRATE,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>WE<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>RECOGNIZE<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>AND<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>WE<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">ADO</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">RE </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">THE<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>SOVEREIGNTY<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>OF<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>GOD.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 1.7pt 49.4pt 8pt 44.45pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>throne<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>heavens,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>His</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 103%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">kingdom ruleth over<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>all.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>hath<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>done,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>hath<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>permitted<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>be</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 93%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">done,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>whatsoever<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>pleased.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.25pt;">"</span>Clouds<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>darkness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>round<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>Him;</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 108%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">righteousness<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>judgment<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>habitation<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>throne."<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>way</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>sea,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>path<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>great<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>waters, and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>His footsteps<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>are </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">not</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>known.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>"Canst<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>thou by searching<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>find<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>out God? Canst thou<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>find<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 97%;"> </span>out<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>Almighty<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>unto<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>perfection?<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">It</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>high<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>as
heaven; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">what</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">canst</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 101%; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">thou<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>do?<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>Deeper <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">than</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>hell;<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>canst thou<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>know?<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>The
measure thereof<span style="mso-font-width: 97%;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>longer<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">
</span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>earth,<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>broader<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>sea.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">If</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>cut<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>off<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>shut<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span>up,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>gather<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>together,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">
</span>then<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>hinder<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>Him?<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>For<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>He knoweth<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>vain<span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span>man;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>seeth<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>wickedness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>also;<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>Will<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>not
then<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>consider<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>it?"<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>We<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>bow<span style="mso-font-width: 95%;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>infinite<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">majesty.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>We<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>bow, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">we</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>weep,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>worship.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin: 2.9pt 1.8in 8pt 119.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"Where<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>reason<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>fails,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>her<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>powers,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 95%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">there</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>faith prevails,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>love<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>adores."<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 2.85pt 49.75pt 0pt 43.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 130%;">It</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>cruel,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>cruel<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>hand,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>dark<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>hand<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>of the assassin, which</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">smote<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>honored,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>wise,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>noble<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>President,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>filled<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>land<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>with</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sorrow.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>But<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>above<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>beyond<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>hand
there<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>another<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>must</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">see<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>acknowledge.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>chastening<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>hand<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>wise
and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>faithful</span><span style="mso-font-width: 114%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Father.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>gives<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>bitter<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>cup.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>And<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>cup<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>that our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">
</span>Father<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>hath</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">given<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>us,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>drink<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>it?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 3.55pt 129.8pt 8pt 123.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -6.25pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"God<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">f</span>
the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>just,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">hou</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>gives!<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">cup:</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt; mso-font-width: 88%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">e</span> yield<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>thy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>behest,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>drink<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">u</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">p.''<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 96%; margin: 3.85pt 48.35pt 0pt 43.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">"Whom<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Lord<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>loveth<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>He chasteneth."<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 96%; mso-font-width: 155%;">0</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt; mso-font-width: 155%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">how<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>these<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>blessed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">
</span>words</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">have cheered<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>strengthened<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>sustained<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>us through all these<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>long</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>weary<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>years<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>civil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>strife,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>while<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>our friends<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>and brothers on<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>so</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">many<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>ensanguined<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>fields<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>falling<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>dying for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>cause<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>Liberty</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>Union!<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span>Let<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>cheer,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>strengthen,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and sustain us today. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>True,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>sorrow<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>chastening<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>come<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>hour<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 86%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">way<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>thought<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>not,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>bears<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>impress<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>rod<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>that is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>very</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">heavy,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>mystery<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>deep.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>That<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>should<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">be</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 86%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sacrificed,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>time, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>by <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>such <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>foul <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">diabolical</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">gency;</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>that</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 115%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>man<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>head<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>nation,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>whom<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>learned<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>trust</span><span style="mso-font-width: 115%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>confiding<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>loving<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>confidence,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>whom<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>upon</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">any<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>centered,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>under<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>God,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>best<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>hopes<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>true <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">speedy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>pacification<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>country,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>restoration
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Union,
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>return<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>harmony<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>love;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>should <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">taken
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>from
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>us,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>and taken<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>just<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>prospect<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>peace<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>was <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>brightly <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>opening <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>upon
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>our
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>torn</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>bleeding<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;">
</span>country,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>just<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>beginning<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>animated<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">
</span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">gladdened<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>hope<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>ere<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>long<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">enjoying</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">
</span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>blessed</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 93%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">fruit<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>reward<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>toil,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>care,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>patience,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>self<span style="letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 116%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sacrificing <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>devotion <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>interests
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Liberty
<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
Union. O it is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 90%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>mysterious<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>most<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>afflicting<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>visitation!<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>But<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Father<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">heaven,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>fathers,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>God,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>permits<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">
</span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>so</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">suddenly
""and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>sorely<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>smitten;<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>know<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>judgments<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>right,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 113%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>faithfulness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>has afflicted us. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In </span>the
midst<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>our</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">rejoicings<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>needed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>stroke,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>dealing,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>discipline;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>therefore<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>sent<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>it.<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>Let<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>us remember, our<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>affliction <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>not
<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>come
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>forth
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>out</span><span style="mso-font-width: 114%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>dust,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>trouble<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>sprung<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>out <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of
the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt; mso-font-width: 135%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">ground. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Through</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>beyond<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>second<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">
</span>causes<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>let<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>look;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>see<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>sovereign<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>permissive</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">agency<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>great<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>First<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Cause. It</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>His
prerogative<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>bring<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>light out</span><span style="mso-font-width: 114%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>darkness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>good<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>out<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>evil.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>Surely<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>wrath<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>man<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>shall praise</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Him,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>remainder<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>wrath<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>restrain.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>In <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>light <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 86%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">clearer<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>day<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yet<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span></i>see<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>wrath<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>planned<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>perpetrated</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>death<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>President,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>overruled<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">by<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Him<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>whose<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>judgments<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">
</span>are</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">unsearchable,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>His<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ways<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>past <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>finding<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>out,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>highest
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>welfare
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 93%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">all<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>interests<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>dear<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>Christian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>patriot<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>philanthropist,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>loyal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>made<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>unexampled</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">sacrifice<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>treasure <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>blood. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Let<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>not be <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>faithless<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>but <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>believing.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 96%; margin: 3.85pt 48.35pt 0pt 43.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt;">
</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.8pt; margin: 4.45pt 165.5pt 8pt 147.1pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -28.15pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Blind<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>unbelief<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">prone<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>err,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>And<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>scan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>work<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>vain;</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>own<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>interpreter,</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> And<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>make<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">plain.''</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 96%; margin: 3.85pt 48.35pt 0pt 43.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 3.5pt 48.15pt 0pt 44.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.55pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">We<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>wait<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>interpretation,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>wait<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>faith,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 115%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">nothing<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>doubting.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">
</span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>led<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>well,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>defended<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>prospered</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">us<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>wonderfully,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>during<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>last<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>four<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>years<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>of·<span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"> </span>toil,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>struggle,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">
</span>and sorrow,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>forsake<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>now.<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>chasten,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">
</span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>destroy.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.1pt 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>purify<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>furnace<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>trial,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>not</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">consume<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>us.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>No,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>no!<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>chosen<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>did<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>old<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>furnace<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>affliction,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>said<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>said<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>them,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;">"</span>This</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">people<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>formed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>myself;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>show<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>forth<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>My<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>praise."<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Let</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>principal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>anxiety<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>now<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>new<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>sorrow<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>sanctified</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">sorrow;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 130%;">it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">may<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>lead<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>deeper<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>repentance,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>humbling</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">sense<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>dependence<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>God,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>unreserved consecration<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>ourselves<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>cause<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>truth<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>justice,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>law<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>order,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Liberty<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>good<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>government,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>pure<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>undefiled</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">religion.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>Then,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>though<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>weeping<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">
</span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>endure<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>night,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">
</span>joy will<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>come</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>morning.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>Blessed<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>God!<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>despite<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>great<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>sudden<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;">
</span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">temporary darkness,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>morning<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>begun<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-font-width: 130%;">dawn-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-font-width: 130%;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 130%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">morning<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; mso-font-width: 97%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>bright<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>glorious<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>day,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span>has<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>never<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>seen.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>That<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>day</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>come<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>tarry,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>death<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>of
an hundred<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Presidents<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>their</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Cabinets<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>never,<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>never<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>prevent<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>it.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>While<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>thus hopeful,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>however,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>let<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>humble.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>occasion<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>calls<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>prayerful<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>tearful</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">humiliation.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>demands<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>lie<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>low,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>low,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>Him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>who</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">has<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>smitten<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>sins.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 155%;">0<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>rulers<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>may</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">bow<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>dust<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>today<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>beneath<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>chastening<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>hand<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>God!<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>may their<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>voices<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>go<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>one<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>voice,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>hearts<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>go<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Him as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>one<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>heart,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>pleading<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">
</span>with Him<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>mercy,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>grace<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>sanctify<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;">
</span>our great<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>sore<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>bereavement,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>wisdom<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>guide<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>time</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>need.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>Such<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>united<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>cry<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>pleading<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>vain.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 130%;">It<span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">will<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>enter</span><span style="mso-font-width: 112%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">into<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>ear<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>heart<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Him<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>sits<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>throne,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>will</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">say<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>us,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>ancient<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>Israel,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 130%;">"In<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>little<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>wrath<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>hid<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>my<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>face<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>from</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">thee<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>moment:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>everlasting<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>kindness<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>mercy<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>upon</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">thee,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>saith<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>Lord<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>thy<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Redeemer." <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 98%; margin: 3.1pt 47.8pt 0pt 42.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>said<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;">
</span>confided<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>late<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>lamented<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>President</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">with<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>full<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>loving<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">
</span>confidence.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>Probably<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>man<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>since<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>days<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 97%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Washington<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>ever<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>deeply<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>firmly<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>embedded<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>enshrined<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>hearts<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>Abraham<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>Lincoln.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>Nor<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>mistaken</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">confidence<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>love.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>deserved<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-font-width: 120%;">it - </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-font-width: 120%;">deserved</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt; mso-font-width: 120%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">it well - deserved it <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">all</span>.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>merited<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>character,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>acts,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>whole<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>tenor,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">tone,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>spirit<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>life.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>simple<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>sincere,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>plain<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>honest,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">truthful<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>just,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>benevolent<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>kind.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>perceptions<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>quick<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">clear,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>judgments<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>calm<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>accurate,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>purposes<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>good</span><span style="mso-font-width: 97%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>pure<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>beyond<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>question.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;">
</span>Always<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>everywhere<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>aimed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>endeavored<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 110%;">be<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">right<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 110%;">do<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">right.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>integrity<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>thorough, all</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">pervading,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>all-controlling,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>incorruptible. It</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">was the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>same<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>every</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">place<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>relation,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>consideration<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>control<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>matters<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>great</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>small,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>same<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>firm<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>steady<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>principle<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>power<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>beauty<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>that</span><span style="mso-font-width: 113%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">shed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>clear<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>crowning<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>lustre<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>excellencies<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>mind</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>heart,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>recommended<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>fellow<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>citizens<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 110%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">man<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>who,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>time<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>unexampled<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>peril,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">
</span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>nation<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>at</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">stake,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>should<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>chosen<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>occupy,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">
</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>country, its<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>highest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>post<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>power<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>responsibility.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>How<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>wisely<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>well,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>how</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">purely<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>faithfully,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>how<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>firmly<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>steadily,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>how<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>justly<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>success<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">fully</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>did<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>occupy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>post<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>meet<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>grave<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>demands<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>in circumstances</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>surpassing<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>trial<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>difficulty,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>known<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>all,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>known<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">country
and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>world.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>comprehended<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>first<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>perils<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 110%;">to</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 131%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">which<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>treason<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>exposed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>freest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>best<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Government<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>earth,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">vast<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>interests<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>Liberty<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>humanity<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>saved<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>lost</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">forever<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>urgent <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>impending <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>conflict;
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>he
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>rose
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dignity
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">momentousness<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>occasion,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span>saw<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>duty<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>Chief<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>Magistrate<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>great<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>imperilled<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>people,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>determined<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>do<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>duty,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>his</span><span style="mso-font-width: 97%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">whole<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>duty,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>seeking<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>guidance<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>leaning<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>arm<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>Him<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">whom<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>written,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>"He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>giveth<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>power<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>faint,
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>them
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>that</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>might<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>increaseth<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 125%;">strength."<span style="letter-spacing: -1.4pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Yes,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>leaned<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>arm.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>He</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt; mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">recognized<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>received<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">
</span>the truth that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>"kingdom<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>Lord's, and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>governor<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>among<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>nations.''<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>remembered<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>"God<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>in
history,"<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>felt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>nowhere
had His<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>hand and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">His</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">mercy</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">been</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 94%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">so<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>marvelously<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>conspicuous<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>history<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>nation. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>hoped</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>prayed<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>same<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>hand<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>would<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>continue<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>guide<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>us,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>that</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">same<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>mercy<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>continue<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>abound<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">us<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>time<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>of our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>greatest<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>need.</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>speak<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>know,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>testify<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>often<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>heard<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>say,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>when</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>affirm<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>guidance<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>mercy<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>props<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>which he</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">humbly<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>habitually<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>leaned;<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">
</span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>best<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>hope<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>him self<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>country.<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Hence,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>leaving<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>his <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>home <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Illinois,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>coming<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>city<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>take<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>seat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>executive<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>chair<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>of</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>disturbed<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>troubled<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>nation,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">
</span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>said<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>old<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>tried<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>friends<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>who</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">gathered<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>tearfully<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>around<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>bade<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>farewell,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 125%;">"I<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">leave<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>with</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">this<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>request:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">pray<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">me.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">"</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">They<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>did<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>pray<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>him;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>millions<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>other</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">people<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>prayed
for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>him;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>nor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>did<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>pray<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>vain.
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Their
prayer was</span><span style="mso-font-width: 95%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">heard,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>answer<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>appears<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>subsequent<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>history;<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>shines<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>forth</span><span style="mso-font-width: 112%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>heavenly<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>radiance<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">
</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>whole<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>course<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>tenor<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>administration,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>commencement<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>close.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>raised<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>up<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 84%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">great<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>glorious<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>mission,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>furnished<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>work, and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;">
</span>aided<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>him</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>accomplishment.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>Nor<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>merely<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>strength<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>mind,
and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">honesty<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>heart,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>purity<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>pertinacity<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>purpose,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">that</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">He</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">furnished</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>him;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>addition<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>these<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>things,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">
</span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>gave<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>calm<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>abiding</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">confidence<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>overruling<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>providence<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ultimate</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt; mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">triumph<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>truth<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>righteousness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>through<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>power <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>blessing</span><span style="mso-font-width: 95%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>God.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>confidence<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>strengthened<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span></span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>hours<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>anxiety<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">
</span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">toil,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>inspired<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;">
</span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>calm and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">
</span>cheering<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>hope<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>others<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>were</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">inclining<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>despondency<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>gloom.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>Never<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>forget<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>emphasis</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>deep<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>emotion<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>said<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>room,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>company</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>clergymen<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>others,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>called<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>pay<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>respects<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">darkest<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>days<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>civil<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>conflict:<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>"Gentlemen, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>my<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>hope<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>success
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">this<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>great<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>terrible<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>struggle<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>rests<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>immutable<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>foundation,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">justice<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>goodness<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>God.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>And<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>events<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>threatening,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>prospects<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>dark,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>still<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>hope<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>some<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>way<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -2.05pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -3pt;">·</span>hich<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>man<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>cannot<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>see<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>all</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>well<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>end,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>because<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>cause<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>just,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">side.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">"</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt; mso-font-width: 159%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Such<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>sublime<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>holy<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>faith,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>anchor<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>soul,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">both<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>sure<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>steadfast.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> It </span>made<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>firm<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>strong.<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>It<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>emboldened<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>him</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pathway<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>duty,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>however<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>rugged<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>perilous<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>might<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>be.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 125%;">It<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">made</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>valiant<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>right;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>cause<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>humanity,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>held</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>steady,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>patient,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>unswerving<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>adherence<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>policy<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ad</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">ministration<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>thought,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>now think,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>both<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>God</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>humanity<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>required<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>adopt.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>We<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>admired<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>loved<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>many </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; mso-font-width: 125%;">accounts - </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt; mso-font-width: 125%;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-font-width: 125%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">strong<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>various<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>reasons;<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>admired<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>childlike<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>simplicity,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>freedom<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>guile<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>deceit,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>his<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>staunch<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>sterling<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;">
</span>integrity,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>kind<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>forgiving<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>temper,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>industry<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>patience,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>persistent,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>self-sacrificing<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>devotion<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>duties<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>eminent<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>position,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">from<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>least<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>greatest;<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>readiness<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>hear<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>consider<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>cause</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>poor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>humble,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>suffering<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>oppressed;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>charity</span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">toward<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>questioned<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>correctness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>opinions<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>wisd</span>om<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>policy;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">
</span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>wonderful<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>skill<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>reconciling<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>differences<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>among<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span>friends<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>Union,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">
</span>leading<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>them <span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>away
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>from
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>abstractions,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>inducing<span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>work<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>together
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>harmoniously
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>for
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>common
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>weal;
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>his
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>true<span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>enlarged<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>philanthropy,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>knew<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>distinction<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>color<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>race,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>but<span style="mso-font-width: 114%;"> </span>regarded<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>men<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>brethren,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>endowed <span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>alike
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>by
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>their
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Creator
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>"with<span style="mso-font-width: 118%;"> </span>certain <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>inalienable <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>rights, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>among
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>which
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>are
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>life,
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Liberty,
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>pursuit<span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>happiness;"<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>inflexible<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>purpose<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>what<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>freedom<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">
</span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>gained<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>in <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>our<span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span>terrible<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>civil<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>strife<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>should<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>never<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>lost, <span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>that <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>end <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>war<span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span>should<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>end<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>slavery,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>consequence, <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>rebellion;
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>his<span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span>readiness<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>spend<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>spent<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>attainment<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>such<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>a triumph<span style="mso-font-width: 120%;">
-- a</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 87%;"> </span>triumph,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>blessed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>fruits<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>which <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>be <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>wide
spreading <span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>as <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">
</span>earth<span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>enduring<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt; mso-font-width: 120%;">sun:-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-font-width: 120%;">all</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-font-width: 120%;"> </span>these<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>things<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>commanded<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>fixed<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span>admiration,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>admiration
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>world, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>stamped
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>upon
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>his<span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span>character<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>unmistakable
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>impress
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">greatness. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></i>But <span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>more <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sub<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span>lime<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>any
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>or
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>all
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>these,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>more
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>holy
<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>influential,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>more
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>beautiful<span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>strong,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>sustaining,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">abiding</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">confidence</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>final<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>triumph<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>truth<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>righteousness<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>through<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>Him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.85pt;"> </span>His<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>sake.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 92%;"> </span></span></i>This<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>noblest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>virtue,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">
</span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>grandest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>principle,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>secret<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>alike<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>of
his<span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span>strength,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>patience,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>success. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>And <span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;">this</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">it</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">seems</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">me</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">after</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span>being <span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;">near</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">him</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">steadily</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">with</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">him</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"> </span>ten,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;">for</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">more</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">than</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">four</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">years</span>,<span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>principle<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">
</span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>which,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>any<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>other,
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">“</span>he, <span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">being</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;">dead</span>, yet<span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span>speaketh."<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>Yes;<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>steady<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>enduring<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>confidence <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">God</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">in</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;">
</span>complete<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>ultimate<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>success<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>cause<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>God,<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">cause</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt; mso-font-width: 120%;"> </span>of<span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span>humanity,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>by any<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>other<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>way,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>does<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>now
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">speak</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>us <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span>nation<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>he
loved<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>served<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>well.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>By<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>he
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">speaks</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">his</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">successor</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span>office,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>charges<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">
</span>him<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>"have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>faith<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>God."<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>By<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>speaks
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span>members<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>his.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>cabinet,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>men<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>with <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">whom</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">he</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">counselled</span>
so of<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">t</span>en<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>and<span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>associated<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>long, <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">he</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">charges</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">them</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">“</span>have <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">faith</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">God</span>."
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>By<span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>speaks to <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">the</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">officers</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">men</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">our</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">noble</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">army</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">navy</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">and</span>,<span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>stand<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>posts
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">duty</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">peril</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">he</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">charges</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">them</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">“</span>have<span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span>faith<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>God."<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>By <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">this</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">he</span> speaks <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">to</span><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; letter-spacing: 2.15pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 120%;"> </span>all <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">who</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>occupy <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">positions</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">influence</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">authority</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">these</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">sad</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">troublous</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">times</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">and</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;">he</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">charges</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">them</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">all</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.15pt;">"</span>have
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;">faith</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">God</span>." <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>By <span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">this</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">he</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">speaks</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">this</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;">great</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">people</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;">as</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;">they</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span>sit<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>sackcloth <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">today</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">weep</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">for</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">him</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">with</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">a</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">bitter</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">wailing</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">refuse</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>comforted,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>charges <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">them</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>"have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>faith<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>in <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">God</span>."
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>And
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">by</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">this</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">will<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span></span></i>speak
through<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>ages <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>rulers <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>peoples <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">in</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">every</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">land</span>,<span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>message<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>be
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">“</span>Cling <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">Liberty</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">right</span>;
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">battle</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">for</span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span>them;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>bleed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>them;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>die<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>them,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>if
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">need</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">be</span>; <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">have</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">confidence</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">in</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span>God."<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O t</span>hat<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>voice<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>this
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>testimony
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>may
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sink
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>down
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>into
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>our
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>hearts<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span>today<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>every<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>day,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>heart<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>nation,
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>exert <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>its<span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span>appropriate<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>influence<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>feelings,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>faith,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>patience,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>our<span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span>devotion <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to <span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>cause
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>freedom
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and
<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 120%;">humanity-<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">a</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span>cause
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>dearer
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>now<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>ever<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>before,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span>because<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>consecrated<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>blood<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>most<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>conspicuous <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>defender, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>its
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>wisest<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>most<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>fondly-trusted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>friend.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 95%; margin: 2.25pt 46.75pt 0pt 44.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.95pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">He<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>dead;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>God in</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.9pt; line-height: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">whom<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>trusted<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>lives,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>guide</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>strengthen<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>successor,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>guided<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>strengthened<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>him.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>is</span><span style="mso-font-width: 91%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">dead;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>memory<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>virtues,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>wise<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>patriotic<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>counsels</span> <span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>labors,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>calm<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>steady<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>faith<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>lives,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>precious,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>power<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>good<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>quite<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>down<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>end<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>time.</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">He<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>dead;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>cause<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>ardently<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>loved,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">
</span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>ably,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>patiently,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>faith</span><span style="mso-font-width: 113%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">fully<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>represented<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">defended-- not</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>himself only,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>not <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>us<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>only,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1pt; mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">but<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;">
</span>coming<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>generations,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>till<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>time<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>no</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">more-that <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">cause</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>survives<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.8pt;"> </span>fall,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>will
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">survive</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>it.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>light<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>its </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">rightening<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>prospects<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>flashes<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;">
</span>cheeringly<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>today<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>athwart<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>gloom<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>occasioned<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>by<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>death,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>language<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>God's<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>united<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>providences<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>telling</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">us<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>that,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>though<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">f</span>riends<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>Liberty<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>die, Liberty<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>itself is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>immortal.</span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">There<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>assassin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;">
</span>strong<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>enough<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>no<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>weapon<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>deadly<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>enough<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span>to</span><span style="mso-font-width: 115%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">quench<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>its
inextinguishable<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>life,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>arrest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>its onward<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>march<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>to <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">the</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;">con</span>quest<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>empire<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>world.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>This<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>confidence,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>our</span><span style="mso-font-width: 113%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">consolation,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;">we</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>weep<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>mourn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>today.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>Though<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>beloved <span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>President<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>slain,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>beloved<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>saved.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>And<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>sing<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>of mercy <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>well</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">as<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>judgment.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Tears<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>gratitude<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">
</span>mingle<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>with those <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sorrow.
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>While
there<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>darkness,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>there<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>dawning
of a brighter, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>happier <span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>day</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">upon<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>stricken<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>weary<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>land. God<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>praised<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>fallen <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Chief</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">lived<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>long<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>enough<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>see<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>day<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>dawn<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>daystar<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>joy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>peace</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">arise<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>upon<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>nation.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">
</span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>saw<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>it,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>glad. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Alas! <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>alas! <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>He<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>only</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">saw<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">dawn.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">When<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">sun </span></i><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">has<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>risen,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>full-orbed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>glorious, and <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>a</span><span style="mso-font-width: 87%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">happy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>reunited<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;">
</span>people<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">rejoicing</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>light, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>alas! <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>alas! <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>it will shine</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">upon<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>grave.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>But<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>grave<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>precious<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>consecrated spot.</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>friends<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>Liberty<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>Union
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>will
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>repair
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>it
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>in
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>years
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">ages<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>come,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>pronounce<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>memory<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>occupant<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">
</span>blessed,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>and,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">gathering<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>very<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>ashes,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">,the</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rehearsal<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>deeds<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">virtues,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>fresh<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>incentives
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>patriotism, <span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>they <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>will <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>there <span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>renew <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>their <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>vows</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>fidelity<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>God. And<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">
</span>now<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>know<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>I<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>more<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>appropriately<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>conclude<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>this</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">discourse,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>sincere<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>simple<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>utterance<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;">
</span>heart, <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>than</span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">by<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>addressing<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>departed
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>President,
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>with
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>some
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>slight
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>modification,
the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>language<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>Tacitus,<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>Agricola,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>addresses<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>venerable<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>departed<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>father-in-law:<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>"With<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>now<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>congratulate,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>you are<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span>blessed,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>only<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>because<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>career<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>glory,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>because</span>
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">you<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>released,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>when,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>safe,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>was<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>happiness<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>die.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>We</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>lost<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>parent,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>and,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>distress,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span></span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">it<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>now<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>addition<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>heart</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 96%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span></b><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">felt<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>sorrow<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>it <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>not <span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>in <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>our <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>power <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>to <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>commune <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>with <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>you <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>on</span><span style="mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>bed<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>languishing,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>receive<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>last<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>embrace.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;">
</span>Your<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>dying<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>words would<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>been<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>ever<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dear<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>us;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>command<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>should<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>treasured</span><span style="mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">up,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>graved<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>our hearts. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>This <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>sad
comfort <span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>we<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>have <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">lost,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>wound,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>reason,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">
</span>pierces<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>deeper.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>From<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>world <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>spirits</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">behold<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>disconsolate<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>family<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>people;<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>exalt<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>minds<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">fr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">om</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>fond</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">regret<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>unavailing<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>grief<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>contemplation<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>your <span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>virtues.
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>These<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>we</span><span style="mso-font-width: 97%;">
</span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">must<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">
</span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>lament;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>impiety<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>sully <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>them <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>with <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>a <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>tear. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>To cherish</span><span style="mso-font-width: 102%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">their<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>memory,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>embalm them <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>with
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>praises, <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>so<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>far
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>can,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>emulate<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>bright<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;">
</span>example,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>truest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;">
</span>mark<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>respect,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">best<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>tribute<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>can<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>offer.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>Your<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>wife<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>thus<span style="letter-spacing: 2pt;"> </span>preserve<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>memory<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">best<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>husbands,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>thus<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>children<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>prove<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>filial<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>piety.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>By</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">dwelling<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>constantly<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">
</span>on<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>words<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>actions,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;">
</span>they<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>illustrious<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>character <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>before <span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>their <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>eyes,
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>not <span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>content <span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>with <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>bare
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>image</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>mortal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>frame,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>they
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>will
<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>have
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>what
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>is
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>more
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>valuable-the
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>form</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>features<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>your<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>mind.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>Busts<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>statues,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>like<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>original,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>are<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>frail</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>perishable.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>soul<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>formed<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>finer<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>elements,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>inward form</span><span style="mso-font-width: 111%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">is<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>not<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>expressed <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>by <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>hand<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>artist <span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>with <span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>unconscious <span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>matter<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- our manners<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>morals<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span>may<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>some<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>degree<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>trace<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>resemblance.</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">All<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>you<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>gained<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>our <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>love <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>and <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>raised <span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>our <span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>admiration <span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>still<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>subsists,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>ever<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>subsist,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>preserved<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>minds<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>men,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>register<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>ages,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 98%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>records<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>fame.
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Others,
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>who
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>had<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>,figured <span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>on <span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>stage<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>life</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>worthies<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>former<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>day,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>sink,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>want<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>faithful</span><span style="mso-font-width: 116%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">historian,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>into<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>common<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>lot<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>of <span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>oblivion,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>inglorious<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>unremembered; but<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>you,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>our<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>lamented<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">
</span>friend<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>head,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>delineated<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>truth,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>fairly</span><span style="mso-font-width: 108%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">consigned<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>posterity,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>will<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>survive<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>yourself<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">
</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>triumph<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>over<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>injuries
of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 96%; margin: 2.1pt 47.5pt 0pt 42.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.4pt;">
</div>
<br />
<h1 style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Edgington’s
book continues describing that on<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">f</span>uneral<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>train<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>bore<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>Lincoln'<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>body<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>home<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>to</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 2.9pt; mso-font-width: 112%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">Springfield,<span style="letter-spacing: 3pt;"> </span>along<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 2.95pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>casket<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>Willie<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span>Lincoln<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;">
</span>which</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-font-width: 104%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">was<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>rest<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>finally<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span>beside<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>father,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span>Dr.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Gurley<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>composed<span style="letter-spacing: 3.25pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;">f</span>ollowing<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>hymn<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>sung<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>service<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>at<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>the</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 2.5pt; mso-font-width: 109%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">grave<span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 3.05pt;"> </span>Springfield:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 7.95pt 142.1pt 0pt 144.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Rest,<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>noble<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>Martyr!<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>rest<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"> </span>peace;</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Rest<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>true<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>brave,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 0in 129.8pt 0pt 144.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"> Who,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>like<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>thee,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>fell<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Freedom's</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>cause,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>nation's<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>life<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>save.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 7.9pt 129.8pt 0pt 145.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Thy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">
</span>name<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>live while<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">
</span>time<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>endures,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">And<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>men<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>shall
say<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>thee,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 0in 129.8pt 0pt 145.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">"He saved<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>his<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>country<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>from<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>foes,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 96%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">And<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>bade<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>slave<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>free."</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin: 8.25pt 11.75pt 0pt 145.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">These<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>deeds<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>thy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span>monument,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Better<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>brass<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>stone;</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">They<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>leave<span style="letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span>thy<span style="letter-spacing: -0.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">fame</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.65pt;"> </span>glory's<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">
</span>light,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>Unrival'd<span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">alone</span>.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-font-width: 70%;"></span><br />
<span style="mso-font-width: 70%;"> . <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span>This<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>consecrated<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>spot<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>be<span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span>To<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Freedom<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>ever<span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>dear;<o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">And<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">
</span>Freedom's<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>son<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"> </span>every<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>race</span><o:p></o:p><br />
Shall<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>weep<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>worship<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>here.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin: 8.35pt 11.75pt 0pt 145.05pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-font-width: 160%;"> 0</span><span style="letter-spacing: -3.1pt; mso-font-width: 160%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">God!<span style="letter-spacing: -1pt;"> </span>before<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt;"> </span>whom<span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;"> </span>we,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: -0.8pt;"> </span>tears,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 103%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 110%;">Our<span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span>fallen<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">
</span>Chief<span style="letter-spacing: -0.35pt;"> </span>deplore</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.4pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 144.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -16.55pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Grant<span style="letter-spacing: 0.95pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>cause,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 0.75pt;"> </span>he<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>died,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 101%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">May<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>live<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>forever<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>more</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.45pt; margin: 6.15pt 0in 8pt 107.35pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Doxology.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 11.8pt; margin: 0.15pt 20.1pt 0pt 144.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.45pt; mso-font-width: 105%;">To</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt; mso-font-width: 105%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Father,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Son<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>Holy<span style="letter-spacing: 0.85pt;"> </span>Ghost,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">The<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>whom<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>we<span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span>adore,</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 97%; margin: 0in 48.65pt 0pt 144.4pt;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Be<span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;"> </span>glory<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>it<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span>was,<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"> </span>now,</span><span style="mso-font-width: 106%;"> </span><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">And<span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span>shall<span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>evermore.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 18.5pt; line-height: 97%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<h1 style="line-height: 94%; margin: 7.45pt 49.5pt 0pt 44.15pt; tab-stops: 105.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mrs.<span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span>Lincoln<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing: 0.65pt;"> </span>her<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>deep<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>gratitude<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span>friend</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">ship<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>sympathy<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;"> </span>her<span style="letter-spacing: 3.25pt;"> </span>pastor<span style="letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">
</span>wanted<span style="letter-spacing: 0.45pt;"> </span>him to</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 112%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">have<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;"> </span>some<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>personal<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>belonging<span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"> </span>her<span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">husband'</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>keepsake.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 105%;">She<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span>sent<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span>the
<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">f</span>ollowing<span style="letter-spacing: 3.15pt;"> </span>letter<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span>her gif<span style="letter-spacing: -1.75pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-width: 110%;">t:<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<br />
<h1 style="line-height: 94%; margin: 7.45pt 49.5pt 0pt 44.15pt; tab-stops: 105.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 94%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>Executive
Mansion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>May
22<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">nd</span></sup>, 1865<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">Rev. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Dr. <span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Gurley</span><span style="mso-font-width: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;">My<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dear <span style="letter-spacing: 1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Sir:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="mso-font-width: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Please accept as a memento, of the
very kind regard entertained for you by my beloved Husband, the hat worn by
him, for the first and only time, at his Second Inauguration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While its intrinsic value is trifling. You
will prize it, for the associations that cluster around it. If anything can
cast a ray of light across my dreary and blighted pathway, the recollection of
your Christian kindness, extended to myself and family in our heavy
bereavements will ever be most gratefully cherish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With love to Mrs. Gurley, I remain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Your heart broken friend<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span></i>Mary
Lincoln<a href="file:///L:/Lincoln%20Religion/HOW%20LINCOLN%20BECAME%20A%20BELIEVER.may.16.2019.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">[2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Lincoln Pew, </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">at pages 254 to
256<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In this chapter it is mentioned that
during renovations in 1886 the Lincoln Pew was discovered and saved by John D.
McChesney, who as a boy with a friend had tracked Lincoln to the White House
from church one night in the snow. The story was that Lincoln did not let the
boys know that he had discovered them until he arrived at the White House and
turned around the thank the boys for the escort. McChesney and the sexton sat
on the pew until they were assured the pew would be saved.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mrs. Lincoln had chosen pew no. 14
when they first arrived in Washington, D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It now occupies the relatively same position in the church which it did
then.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The minutes of the Session for
March 8, 1893 state, “Decided to submit to the Congregational meeting tomorrow
evening the propriety of restoring to its former place the pew occupied by
President Lincoln, which was removed when new pews were put into the church.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>People have come to see the pew and
paused to hear the story about the man who prayed in the pew, who said he came
there because he got not partisan politics but something to feed his soul at
the church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When told how Lincoln
carried a small Bible he called “The Rock,” visitors would accept similar Testaments
offered to them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Visitors were told how
Dr. Gurley would pray with Lincoln for the troops kneeling beside him in prayer
for the Army.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the 100<sup>th</sup> Anniversary
of the NYAPC, President Theodore Roosevelt occupied the pew with the Secretary
of State, Honorable John Hay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Roosevelt’s remarks on that day are partially quoted in the book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secretary Hay also spoke.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The chapter mentions other Presidents and
notables who have visited the pew at NYAPC. It ends with a poem about Lincoln’s
pew by Lyman Whitney Allen who was inspired by pastor Dr. Radcliff’s comments about
Lincoln.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A Symbol of
Freedom</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">,
at pages 258 to 265<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This 7-page chapter discusses the
presentation of the original draft of the Emancipation proclamation to the
NYAPC during the dedication of the new church building on December 20, 1951.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NYAPC had a long relationship with the
Washington Hebrew Congregation whose Rabbi Norman Gersenstein suggested that
the NYAPC should be where the documents should be given by the then owner,
Barney Balaban.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Balaban was present and there were
several speakers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rev. George M.
Docherty, D.D., had been the pastor of the church for about two years, is
quoted in his remarks about the documents and their donor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Balaban’s response to the comments are
quoted, including his intentions about setting up a Trust Fund to support
events concerning the Emancipation Proclamation to be sponsored by the NYAPC on
the occasion of Lincoln’s birthday. There were comments and prayers completing
the event.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Sizoo and the
Lincoln Family, </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">at
pages 266 to 274.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Joseph Richard Sizoo was born in
Antwerp, Belgium in 1884 and served as pastor of NYAPC from 1924 – 1936.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It happened that William Jennings Bryan, a
three-time Democratic candidate for President, unexpectedly died in 1925 and
the NYAPC offered the use of the church for his funeral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sizoo became important to the life in
Washington, D.C. and the church facilities did too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is more about this in the early
chapters of this book about NYAPC. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dr.
Sizoo came to know the Robert Lincoln family at NYAPC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Sizoo had heard of the Lincoln family
from his own father who was greeted by Robert during an inspection tour of the
factory where Sizoo’s father worked some years earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sizoo’s father was quoted as saying, “What a
wonderful country this is that the son of a President will stop to talk to a
working man.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dr. Sizoo later thanked Mrs. Robert
Lincoln for the kindness Robert had done for his father by speaking to him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This Mrs. Lincoln was instrumental in
restoring the steeple that had been blown down by a storm, and the daughter of
this Lincoln family, then named Mrs. Mamie Isham, contributed to restoring the
clock and chimes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The incident of burying Robert
Lincoln is reported in this chapter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When Robert Todd Lincoln died in 1926, his wife, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Eunice_Harlan"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Mary Eunice Harlan</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">, had not decided where to bury him and
placed him in a vault.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The daughter of
Robert and Mary, Mamie, was the wife of Charles Isham, a historian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One day Mamie came to Dr. Sizoo to tell him
she and her mother were sending a car for him at a certain time and day to pick
him up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he was delivered to the
home in Georgetown, a little old lady came to greet him, saying, “Today I am
your mother and you are my son.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We shall
go out and bury father.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With that they
got into the car and were delivered to Arlington and the car stopped at a
little knoll which the Congress had set aside for the Lincoln family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mrs. Lincoln did not even permit her
daughters to attend the funeral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sizoo
cited the 23<sup>rd</sup> Psalm, said a prayer, and benediction and the casket
was lowered into the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This chapter ends with three pages about the Dedication
Service of the Lincoln Memorial Tower at the NYAPC, including statements about
what the memorial meant to the people in the church and community.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I would encourage those interested
to find the Edgington book and read the other interesting stories that are
told.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another Book –
Capital Witness<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 2019 I discovered another book has
been written about the history of this church by a group of people in 2011. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Capital
Witness: A History of The New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington,
D.C., </i>Plumbline Media, LLC, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-937824-00-6, 436 pp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was able to purchase a very good copy from
an Internet book seller with a price tag inside the front cover marked
“8—", way below the price it was originally. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This copy was dedicated in a book plate to
thank Cynthia J. Bolbach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This book is a heavy coffee table
book made of slick glossy paper, hard covers, lots of photos and art, plus
three editors, namely Dewey D. Wallace, Jr., Wilson Golden, and Edith Holmes
Snyder are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>listed on the cover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are fourteen chapters by the editors
and other authors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chapter 5 is in two
parts, the first by Robert C. White, Jr. is titled, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abraham Lincoln’s Minister</i> at pages 112 to 126, and part II by
Frank van der Linden, is titled, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stories
of a President and His Pastor</i> at pages 127 to 132.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What follows are a few facts and quotes from
this chapter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The remainder of the book covers
more interesting church history including the pastorate of Dr. Peter Marshall
and others, the civil rights movement, and Washington, D.C. activities of the
church. This could be a model for other churches looking to preserve the
history of their organizational efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abraham
Lincoln’s Minister<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><em><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Phineas Densmore Gurley graduated
at the top of his class at the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1840.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served churches in Indianapolis and Dayton
before being called to the F Street Church in 1844.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurley was an Old School Presbyterian
preacher, not a New School preacher.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gurley was asked by Princeton Theological Seminary to take over the
“preaching and pastoral” department in May of 1860.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Republican Party met in Chicago the same
month to nominate Lincoln to run for President.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gurley’s answer to the Seminary is not known, but he started preaching
to President Lincoln from March 1861 to April 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<em></em><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Gurley stood squarely in the
American Presbyterian understanding of Reformed theology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The basic themes of Reformed or Calvinist
theology were shaped by John Calvin in Geneva and handed down through
Calvinists in England, Scotland, and Holland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>God was understood not as the first principle in philosophy, but as the
primary actor in history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persecuted in
old Europe and old England, in the New World American Calvinists (as Pilgrims,
Puritans, and Presbyterians) sought to live under the kingly rule of God.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They wanted to balance their high view of God
with a low or realistic view of humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Presbyterian paradox was that belief in the sinfulness of human
beings did not lead to passivity; rather, Presbyterians were confident that in
God’s sovereignty, human beings were called to be instruments of devine
purpose.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Capital Witness, </i>113-114<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Old School and New School division was made in 1837 over a number of
theological and organizational issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Both traditions were grounded in the Bible, but the Old School remained
rooted in a doctrinal tradition and the New School was expressed in revivalism
of the Second Great Awakening.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The New
Schoolers believed in anti-slavery advocacy whereas the Old Schoolers believed
that the church, as a spiritual institution, should not involve itself in
political questions. Gurley graduated in 1840, so he must have heard the
discussions about the Old School and New School situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln may have looked for a pastor
who did not dwell on politics and he found Gurley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once Lincoln was asked about Gurley and
Lincoln replied, “I like Gurley.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He doesn’t
preach politics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I get enough of that
through the week.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">id. </i>p 114. There
is more about these hard to understand theological differences in this chapter.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln’s faith journey began
growing up Baptist with his father in Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois, but
Lincoln reacted against this tradition which left little toleration for
questions and doubt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Between 1831 and
1837 Lincoln is reported to have written an essay on the Bible and revealed
religion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He moved to Springfield in
1837 and began to speak on a “doctrine of necessity” which he incorporated into
a handbill in 1846 when he ran for Congress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His opponent was a Methodist minister, Peter Cartwright, who accused him
of being a “scoffer of Christianity.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln offered this definition of
the Doctrine of Necessity: “The human mind is compelled to action, or held in
rest by some power, over which the mind has no control.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln told the voters, “That I am not a
member of any Christian Church, is true, but I have never denied the truth of
the Scriptures, and I have never spoken with intentional disrespect of religion
in general, or any denomination in particular.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 115.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 1850 when their second son,
Eddie, died the Lincolns were drawn to the Rev. James Smith, the pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church in Springfield. Mary was worshipping at the St.
Paul’s Episcopal Church, where Rev. Charles Dresser was pastor, and he had
married Abe and Mary in 1842.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1852,
Mary joined the First Presbyterian Church and the Lincolns rented pew no. 20 in
the fifth row.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tad, their fourth son,
was baptized there in 1856.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln attended First Presbyterian
Church infrequently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Todd Stuart, a
law partner of Lincoln’s, and a member of First Presbyterian, remembered
Lincoln began to attend more regularly in the late 1850s when the new railroad
made it easier to travel to the 8<sup>th</sup> Circuit Courts for law business
and Lincoln was able to spend more weekends in Springfield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The First Presbyterian Church used Lincoln as
one of three lawyers in a case against the Sangamon Presbytery, which chapter
author Robert C. Wright, Jr. cites as an entry in the First Presbyterian
Church’s Trustee records now held by the Illinois State Historical Library.
Wright says, “Since it is contrary to Presbyterian order to allow outside
counsel in such suits, it would have been understood that Lincoln was related
to First Presbyterian.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 116.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rev.
Smith gained a reputation for learned preaching, but as a young man, like
Lincoln, Smith was a skeptic who was intrigued with ideas of Constantin Volney (French
philosopher) and Thomas Paine. But Smith later turned to rest more comfortably
with the Old School in the 1840s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
1842, Smith wrote a 650-page book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Christian’s Defense,</i> that grew out of the debates in 1841 with a popular
“free thinker,” Charles G. Olmstead, for 18 successive evenings at Columbus,
Mississippi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln may have read this
book while staying with Mary’s family in Lexington, Kentucky, after the death
of Eddie.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wright makes reasonable assumptions
about what Lincoln gained from being acquainted with Rev. Smith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Readers will need to read this if you want to
inquire about how Rev. Smith and Abraham Lincoln may both have benefited from
knowing each other.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wright says when Lincoln heard Rev.
Gurley in Washington, he liked him for the same reasons he liked Rev. Smith in
Springfield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurley was different in
that he punctuated his sermons with questions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Leonard Swett, a friend of Lincoln in Illinois, said, “The whole world
to him was a question of cause and effect.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Wright says Lincoln’s participation in the NYAPC “coincided with his
deepening effort to understand the meaning of God’s activity, the cause and
effect, in the war.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln was present for worship at
NYAPC on April 15, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Thursday
before, April 21, Confederate troops opened fire on Fort Sumter and after 33
hours of fighting, the American flag was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lowered on April 14. Some say Lincoln and Gurley were on their knees
together praying for the troops.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In February 1862, Rev. Gurley
presided at Willie’s funeral in the White House.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurley told the Lincolns that the meaning of
devine providence was that “His kingdom ruleth overall.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurley’s words would later be used by
Lincoln.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wright explains several other of
Rev. Gurley’s sermons during these times that would have made impressions on
Lincoln.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurley called attention to the
logical contradiction of free agency and God’s governance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Man devises; the Lord directs.” Or “man
proposes; God disposes.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Gurley chose
this theme of human agency and God’s sovereignty, he said, as the best way to
understand ‘the probable fruits and consequences of the terrible struggle’ in
which the nation had been engaged.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wright points out that Lincoln’s
Second Inaugural Address of 701 words mentions God fourteen times, quoted the
Bible four times, and invoked prayer three times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it is the second shortest inaugural ever
offered. Wright says that Lincoln’s “religious words are actually technical
theological language that reflects directly on the influence of Gurley and Old
School Presbyterian theology.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at
121.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wright ends this chapter with some
discussion of the theological basis of Lincoln’s address as being based on
hearing Old School sermons from Reverends Smith and Gurley for about twenty
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Second Inaugural Address was
delivered 41 days before Lincoln’s death is a “most compelling public
declaration of politics and religion in American history,” Wright says.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln was teaching what Gurley had been
sermonizing for the previous four years.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Robert C. White, Jr. earned a Ph.D.
at Princeton University and is the author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abraham Lincoln: A Biography </i>(2009) and other Lincoln books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He formerly served as dean and professor of
American religious history at San Francisco Theological Seminary.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stories of a President and His Pastor<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This Part II is only five pages
including a couple pages of pictures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pastor Phineas D. Gurley was the Lincoln’s family pastor from their
arrival to the White House.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
Lincoln never became a formal member of NYAPC or any other church, “Lincoln
often expressed his belief in the power of an Almighty God, and he sought
devine guidance as carried the increasing burden of responsibility for the
Civil War with its terrible toll of blood and suffering.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gurley was called by the F Street
Presbyterian Church in the District of Columbia when Rev. James Lurie died
after fifty years of service to the church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gurley played a major role in the union of F Street Church and Second
Presbyterian Church in 1859, the new church being named the NYAPC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The F Street Church building was sold to the
Willard Hotel and became the Willard’s Hall as part of the hotel and a
political nerve center of wartime Washington. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rev. Gurley became a licensed
preacher in 1840 and married Emma E. Brooks of Parishville, New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their eldest daughter, Frances Mary, or
“Fannie,” married William Anthony Elderkin in 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bridegroom wrote his parents in Potsdam,
New York, “We had neither bridesmaids or groomsmen, nor did we make the matter
public, yet, it became known by some unaccountable means and to our surprise
more than 1,100 persons witnessed our marriage. We were heartily congratulated
by many.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>President Lincoln shook us both
by the hands and wished us much happiness.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id.
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at 127.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and Fannie had six children.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Van der Linden recounts that a White
House nurse, Mrs. Rebecca Pomeroy of Chelsea, Massachusetts, for Willie and his
brother Tad, assured Lincoln that many Christians were praying for him. “With
tears in his eyes, Lincoln replied, ‘I need their prayers.’ As they were going
out to the burial, the president told Mrs. Pomeroy, ‘I will try not to go to
God with my sorrows… I wish I had that childlike faith you speak of and I trust
He will give it to me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had a good
Christian mother, and her prayers have followed me thus far through life.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carl Sandburg, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. </i>Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940, vol.
5, 378.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sandburg also references a story of
portrait painter Francis B. Carpenter who described in his memoirs a visit by
Rev. Francis Vinton, rector of Trinity Church in New York, to the White House
while Carpenter was painting Lincoln’s portrait.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vinton warned Lincoln not to surrender to his
grief. “Your son is alive in paradise,” Vinton said.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln cried, “Alive, alive!” and threw his
arms around Vinton and sobbed, “Alive, alive!” Carpenter said Lincoln’s views
about spiritual matters seemed to change from that hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln began to see new hope of reuniting
with his two deceased sons. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at
379.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lincoln was aided by Rev. Gurley to
invoke the help of God more to understand why the war dragged on and on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On October 24, 1863, Gurley presented to
Lincoln at the White House leaders of the Baltimore Presbyterian Synod (Old
School).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurley introduced Rev. Septimus
Tustin who declared to Lincoln that every member of the Synod “belongs to the
Kingdom of God and is loyal to the government.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lincoln responded, “I have often wished that I was a more devout man
than I am.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nevertheless, amid the
greatest difficulties in my administration, when I could not see any other
resort, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I would place my whole reliance
upon God</i>, know that all would go well, and that He would decide for the
right.” (Emphasis added.) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at Vol
3, 370.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Various letters between Gurley and
Lincoln supported the idea to van der Linden there was a “hot line” between the
two men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln intervened at the
request of several Presbyterian clergy to request that the arrest of clergy and
others be suspended for various reasons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gurley once got Lincoln to suspend the execution of a son of a member of
the NYAPC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the latter story, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see </i>Albert Ebenezer Gurley, Charles
Rogers, and Henry Porter Andrews, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
History and Genealogy of the Gurley Family, </i>Press of the Case, Lockwood
& Brainard Co., 1897, 124)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Van der Linden tells of an NBC radio
program on February 14, 1943. wherein Robert St. John welcomed Emma Gurley
Adams, then 84 years old, a small, hard-of-hearing lady who remembered Lincoln
spent a lot of time in her father’s church ‘‘listening to the plain,
unvarnished Gospel truth.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She recalled
one night when her father and Lincoln were out walking in the city and came
home late, carrying the President’s walking stick. Lincoln had given him the
stick saying he would probably need it to protect himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Emma was only six years old when
Lincoln was shot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Gurleys were all
in bed when the White House carriage came to their door on Friday night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Tom Cross, the president’s body servant
jumped out of the carriage and shouted, ‘Mrs. Lincoln says for Doctor Gurley to
come quick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The President has been
shot!’” (NBC Radio Interview by Robert St. John of Emma Gurley Adams, February
14, 2943.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sandburg detailed the scene that
Gurley found at the William Petersen’s brick house on 10<sup>th</sup> Street,
where Lincoln had been carried from the theatre across the street.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lincoln was still breathing when Gurley
arrived and the President died at 7:22 AM when his heart stopped. Gurley led
the group in prayer on his knees asking that the President’s family and the
country be comforted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On April 19,1865, Gurley led the
funeral service at the White House East Room.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Van der Linden quoted the scene that was recorded in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Illustrated Life, Services, Martyrdom of
Abraham President, Sixteenth President of the United States </i>by David
Brainerd Williamson, ed., T. B. Peterson & Brothers, 224.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Six weeks later in the NYAPC, Rev.
Gurley looked down at Pew No. 14 and revealed an emotion shared by many
Christians, but repressed immediately after the assassination that he regretted
that John Wilkes Booth had found the beloved president at the theatre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was not the place his friends would have
wanted him to die. “For my own part, I have always regarded the theatre as in
the main a school of vice and corruption – the illumined and decorated gateway
through which thousands are constantly passing into the embrace of gaiety and
folly, intemperance and lewdness, infamy and ruin… I lift my voice against it,
and exhort you to number it among the polluting, perilous and prohibited places
where you and your children must never be found.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Sandburg, vol. 6, 359).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Frank van der Linden was a Civil War
historian after nearing a half century as a Washington newspaper correspondent
covering the Congress and the White House. He first interviewed Harry S. Truman
at a poker party for congressional Democrats in 1945 and closed his career with
an interview of George H.W. Bush.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
wrote a nationally syndicated column and appeared frequently on NBC’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Meet the Press. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was one of Ronald Reagan’s favorite
correspondents and profiled Reagan in his book: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ronald Reagan: What He Believes, What He has Accomplished, What We Can
Expect from Him</i> (1981).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He authored
several other books, including <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln:
The Road to War </i>(1998)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lincoln’s Faith <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><em> </em></o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><em> </em></span>For those like Professor C. Guelzo
who want to find an engraved membership card or something similar to prove
Lincoln was a Christian, I would recommend they lighten up and recognize that
God may not have such a requirement in place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Old Testament goes back thousands of years and the New Testament
starts around 50 years after the crucifixion which marks our calendars
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These Old and New groups of
writings are not the same as the Old School and New School definitions used by
the Presbyterians who came to the New World from Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>John Calvin came along about the
time of Martin Luther about five hundred years ago and wrote a multi-volume set
of books titled, The Institutes of the
Christian Religion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this
treatise, he covers things like what “faith” means in some detail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From these writings other theologians have
defined and split concepts and tried to make it all understandable to the
common man and woman, almost never succeeding in making it 100 percent
understandable to all, including Lincoln and this writer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Calvin describes multiple
definitions of “faith” in Section 3.2.13-16 of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Institutes. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presbyterians
today are several groups, each with slightly separate understandings of what it
means to be a member or Christian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
one reads the New Testament, you will see that Jesus recognized when individuals
accepted the truth about their faith in God.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jesus did not issue membership certificates or ask people to make an
oath.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Jesus time there were no
Presbyterians of any kind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nor were
their Popes or other church-wide leaders.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Old and New Schools of
Presbyterian attracted different kinds of people and some clergy have accepted
one or the other part of the time or changed during their careers from one to
the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even today, change is
occurring in the Presbyterian Church as it is in other churches around the
world.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><em> </em><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><em> </em></span>Lincoln learned about the Bible first
from his mother, and over his lifetime he joined the Kingdom in Springfield,
Illinois, and again in Washington, D.C., even if he was not a card-carrying
member of a denomination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sandburg
quotes Lincoln who says he placed his trust in God.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why do I say “Kingdom?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After being baptized by John, Jesus
became filled with the Holy Spirit and went to Galilee to begin preaching.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> Archeologists have uncovered exactly where
some of the Bible events like John’s baptism of Jesus happened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A short time later, when Jesus was asked how
to pray, he gave an answer quoted in Luke’s (<em>L</em></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="background: white; border: 1pt currentcolor; color: black; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><em>uke</em></span><span style="background: white; border: 1pt currentcolor; color: #666666; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><em> 11: 1-4</em><strong>) </strong></span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;">and in
Matthew's (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matthew </i>6:9-13) versions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The King James version of this prayer from
Matthew is:</span><span style="background: white; border: 1pt currentcolor; color: #666666; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Our Father, which art in
heaven,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Hallowed be thy Name.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Thy Kingdom come. </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Thy will be done in earth, </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">As it is in heaven.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Give us this day our daily bread.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">And forgive us our trespasses,</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">As we forgive them that trespass against
us. </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">And lead us not into temptation, </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">But deliver us from evil. </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">For thine is the kingdom, </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">The power, and the glory, </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">For ever and ever. </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Amen.</span><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Read more: </span><a href="https://www.lords-prayer-words.com/lord_traditional_king_james.html#ixzz5o0VqhSIe"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.5pt; text-decoration: none;">https://www.lords-prayer-words.com/lord_traditional_king_james.html#ixzz5o0VqhSIe</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
Jesus says, "Thy Kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in
heaven," he is saying there are two Kingdoms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Luke's version is communicating the same
thing just in a shorter form. In other words, Jesus was saying there are
two Kingdoms – one in heaven and one in your heart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matthew</i>
6:9-13<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My
contention is that Lincoln and Mary joined their hearts with the Kingdom in
Springfield after their son, Eddie, died at a young age, and Lincoln and Mary
joined the Kingdom in D.C. especially after Willie died, and when the Civil War
started their hearts were filled with needs that God provide because their
relied on God to do so. In both cities this family had a place in their heart
for the Kingdom where they lived.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the introduction to the Devotional book, Carl Sandburg describes Lincoln’s
relationship with his pastor in Springfield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Edgington’s book describes the various rolls Lincoln played at the
church, how he participated in prayer at the White House with Rev. Dr. Gurley,
how Lincoln helped Gurley’s daughter get married to a West Point soldier by
going out one day in his one horse shay borrowing a wedding dress and other
parts of the outfit for the wedding, and many other evidences of the D.C.
Kingdom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 2011 book, you learn
more about the place that the Lincolns participated in for over four years.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You
need to first get the Devotional reproduction to see what Lincoln carried on horseback,
stage coaches, and railroad cars for years riding between Illinois county
courthouses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will begin to see
Lincoln was a believer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You will better
understand the Gettysburg Address, the Second Inaugural Speech, and the Pledge
of Allegiance to the flag.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reading a
daily Bible verse is one way to start building your faith.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> Living the life Jesus talked about is getting you
closer to the Kingdom in your heart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
you pause long enough on the Friday before Easter, remember that it was that
Friday that Lincoln was assassinated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln’s Devotional</i> would be good to
have in times like these.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Lincoln’s
Devotional, </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Henry Holt and Co., LLC, 1856, New York,
NY, originally published in London: The Believer’s Daily Treasure, Text of
Scripture Arranged for Every Day in the Year, Religious Tract Society, 1852,
ISBN:0-8050-5832-5. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///L:/Lincoln%20Religion/HOW%20LINCOLN%20BECAME%20A%20BELIEVER.may.16.2019.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Miss Sidney I. McCleary united with
The F Street Church May 3, 1814.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later
she married Henry Lauck.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">F
Street Church was a predecessor to the NYAPC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///L:/Lincoln%20Religion/HOW%20LINCOLN%20BECAME%20A%20BELIEVER.may.16.2019.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">[2]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Mrs. Lincoln died July 16, 1882 at
the home of her sister, Mrs. Edwards, in Springfield, Illinois.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-14969736115427277762019-02-20T07:53:00.001-08:002019-02-20T07:53:21.071-08:00<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PRESBYTERIAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> FOUNDERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">of
the United States of America<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.9pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">by
William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">resbyterians</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">were</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">among<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">immigrants</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>the </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">American</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Colonies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">during</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1600s<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1700s.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">They</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">came</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">England,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ireland,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Scotland</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">other</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">places</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">help</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">se</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">le</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">There</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Episcopalians/Anglicans,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Congrega</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">onalists,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lutherans,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Quakers,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dutch</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Reformed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">fewer</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">numbers </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of Huguenot, Unitarian, Methodist </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Calvinists</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">population.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">There were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">even</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> few</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jews</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ork</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">escaped</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Brazil</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">expec</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ng</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">problems</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Spanish</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
2019 the Presbyterians have splintered like other denominations and they no
longer bear an outsized part in governmental affairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nevertheless, their success in helping to found
the USA should be remembered as an example to follow as temptations always challenge
the country.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">summary</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">review</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">concerns</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">only</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">those<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>known<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be Presbyterian.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religion</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> many</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">par</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cipants</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Founding </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>known<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cannot</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">now</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">etermined</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>without<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">more</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">extensive </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">research</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>than<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">has</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">done.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“So</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">strong was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">power</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">orthodoxy to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">compel</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">uniformity</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eighteenth-century</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">America</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founding</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
Fathers </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">obsessively</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">concealed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;">their</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">opinions,
if </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nctured</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ever</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">so</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">slightly </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">unconven</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">onal.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">result</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">has</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">co</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">age</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">industry</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">among<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> historians </span>trying<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">puzzle</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">out</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">convic</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders,
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">leading </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
stream </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">publica</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">such<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
topics</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">‘Was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Alexander</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hamilton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Chris</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Statesman?’”</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
religion</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20;">
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">many</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> is</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">unknown,</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">probably</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">because</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">preferred</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Remember </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">old saying,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“Religion</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">poli</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cs</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">should</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not be</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">discussed</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> dinner </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">table.”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">This </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">played </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>much<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">larger</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">role</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">que</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>18</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: .9pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">century.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">But<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">also</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">evangelists</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">among</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">popula</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">causing</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Enlightenment,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">revivals</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">conversions</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">during</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">years</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">leading
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> founding </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> States.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">known<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">comes</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">multiple</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sources.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">These</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sources</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ributed</span><span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">in</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">paper </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">possible.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>While<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">most of </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">took</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">part</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Revolu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">onary</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
War</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">several</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">first</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meetings</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>men,<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">women</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">played</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">very </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">large</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">part</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">taking</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">care </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">home </span></span>a<span style="color: #231f20;">nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">children</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>while<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>men<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ended</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meetings
and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">fought </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> subsequent</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Revolu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">onary</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">Rev</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">D</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Witherspoon,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">only</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">minister</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sign</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Declara</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Independence,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">example</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">two</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">wives,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">first</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
gave </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">him</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">five</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">children</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">did</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">second.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Only five</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">children</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">survived.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">We</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>know<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>Martha<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Washington</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">George</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Washington </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Valley</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Forge</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">before</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ba</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">les</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">became</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">favorable</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Colonial</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Army</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Abigail</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>Adams<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">home</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">boys</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>while<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Adams<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">England
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Ambassad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Othe</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">w</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ome</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">w</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">r</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hom</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> doing </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">part during </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Revolu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">onary</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
period.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Some of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Founders</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(men </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">women)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> did</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not survive</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">conflicts</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> founding</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">our Nation.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">who<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">elected</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">delegates</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">individual</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Colonies,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">signers</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">documents</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">special</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meetings, </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">home</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> arose to </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">occasion</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">supported</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">groundswell</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">establish</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">independent</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nation.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">include</span> those<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">struggled</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">years</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">against</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">British.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;">
</span>With<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Revolutionary</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">r,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">starting</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1776,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">through</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> War </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1812,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>ending <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1814,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hundreds</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">members</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Con</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">nental</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">under</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Confedera</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">under</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cons</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tu</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">This</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">also<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>means<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hundreds</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">probably </span>thousands<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>each<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">state</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>those<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">years</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">should</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> considered</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Some of </span>these<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> people had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> roles</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>made<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ff</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">orts that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">we</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">will<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">never</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">know.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">But</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">all</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> saluted</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">remembered</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">we</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">order</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">do</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jus</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">their<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">par</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cipa</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">great</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">experiment</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">founding</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Government</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.75pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">me<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">history</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">world.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Partly</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">because</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">what</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">others</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">say </span><span style="color: #231f20;">about<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">your</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religion</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is </span>enough<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> reason</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
to keep </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">private.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">For</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">example,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>Adams<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">wrote</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Alexander</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Johnson,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">March</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>24,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1824<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">comment</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“I </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">can</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">oncu</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">r,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">how</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ever,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">your
preference </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterianism.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">presbytery</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">have</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">too</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>much<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">priestly</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>Authority<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ma</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ers</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">faith</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">like</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">which<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>claimed<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Episcopal</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Church.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>And<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">doctrine</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">both</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Churches</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are too</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Calvinis</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cal</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> for </span><span style="color: #231f20;">me<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">well</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">too</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> hierarchial.”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span>Adams<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Papers</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(micro</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lm)</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reel</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">124,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Library</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress. 2</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Another<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">example</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Thomas</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Je</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ff</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">erson’s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">wri</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ngs</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">about<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">clergy.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">“The</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">clergy</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">loudest,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">most</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">intolerant </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sects,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">most</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tyrannical,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ambi</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ous;</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ready</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">word</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">la</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">wgiver,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
if such</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> word </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could
now be </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">obtained,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">put </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">torch
to </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> pile, </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rekindle</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">virgin</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hemisphere,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fl</span><span style="color: #231f20;">ames<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oracle</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Calvin</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">consumed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">poor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Servetus,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">because</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could not </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nd in his Euclid</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> proposi</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on </span><span style="color: #231f20;">which<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">has</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">demonstrated</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">three</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">one,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">one</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">three,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">subscribe
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that of Calvin that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
magistrates have</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">right</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">exterminate</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">here</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cs</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Calvinis</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">creed.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.75pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">They</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> pant to reestablish</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">law that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">holy inquisi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">which<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">they
can</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">only now</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">infuse </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">into </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">public
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">opinion.”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Thomas</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Je</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ff</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">erson</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Short,
</span>April<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>13,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>1820. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">One</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">website</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span><u style="text-underline: #3953A4;"><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">www.adherents.com</span></u><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">)</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">study</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">these<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>men<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>assigns<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">tle<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">“Founding</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Fathers”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>204<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">unique
individuals. 4</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Some had</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mul</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ple </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">roles.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">This number</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> size </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>medium<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">sized</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">church</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Today there are many smaller churches and a few mega churches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">These</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">204<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">did</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">one</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">more</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">following:</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Signed</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Declara</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Independence</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Signed</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Articles<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Confedera</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">A</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ended</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Constitutional</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Conven</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>1787</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Myriad Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Myriad Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Signed</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Constitution</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">America</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Myriad Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Myriad Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Served</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Senators</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">First Federal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(1789-1791)</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Myriad Pro",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Myriad Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Myriad Pro";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Served</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">as<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">U.S.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Representa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ves</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">First</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Federal</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>204<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>35<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(about</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1/6</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> total)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">more</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">any </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">other</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">group</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">except</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Episcopalians/Anglicans</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>88<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">persons.
Many </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Colonies supported</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Anglican</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Churches</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">taxes,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">practice</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>ended<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ft</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">founding</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> country.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">supported</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">by</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">
personal</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">contributions</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>missionary<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">donations</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Europe
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">no</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>evidence<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">has</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">found</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">colony </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">state</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">taxes</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ever</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">supported</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>them.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Among<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Signers</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Declara</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Independence<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">delegates</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cons</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tu</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">onal</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Conven</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ffi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lia</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span><span style="color: #231f20;">all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">iden</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tifi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ed.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">How</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ever,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">among</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">signers</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ar</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cles</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Confedera</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">there</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">18<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">protestants</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">denomination</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">unknown.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>Among<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
first</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">U.S. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ffi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lia</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">5<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Senators</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>20<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">House</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">members</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">unknown.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Listed</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">below</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>35<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>among<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>204<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">defined</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">above.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Signers</span></b><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">of<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Declara</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Independence </span></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">indicated with an asterisk </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">*<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">listed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">different</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">signing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">categories</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"> James<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Wilson<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pennsylvania</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Episcopalian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Deist) </span>*<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span>- <span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>8/21/1798</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Thomas</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">McKean</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Delaware*</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">-<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>6/24/1817</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mathew</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Thornton</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Hampshire</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Physician </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>6/24/1803</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Abraham</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Clark</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer/Surveyor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>9/15/1794</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">John<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hart</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Land</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Owner</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>5/11/1779</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Richard</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Stockton</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>2/28/1781</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">John<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Witherspoon</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Minister</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>11/15/1794</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Floyd </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
</span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ork</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Land </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Speculator</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span>8/4/1821</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Phillip<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Livingston </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ork</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Merchant</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>6/12/1778</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">James<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Smith</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Pennsylvania</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>7/11/1806</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">George</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Taylor</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Pennsylvania</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Merchant</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>2/23/1781</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Benjamin<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Rush<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pennsylvania</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Physician </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>4/19/1813</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Signers</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">of<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Articles</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Confedera</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 14.5pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Thomas</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">McKean</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Delaware*</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>6/24/1817</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">John<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Witherspoon</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Jersey*-</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Minister</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">-</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Died</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">11/15/1794</span></span></h3>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">John<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> Walton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Georgia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>- <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Planter</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span>1783</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Nathaniel</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Scudder of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Physician</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>10/17/1781</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Delegates</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.4pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Constitutional</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Conven</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>Signing<span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Delegates</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Abraham</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Baldwin<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
Georgia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Congrega</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">onalist)</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Minister</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">5</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">/Lawyer</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>3/4/1807</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Samuel</span>
Johnson<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Connec</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cut</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Episcopalian)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>11/14/1789</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Blount</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Carolina
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Episcopalian)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Poli</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cian</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>3/21/1800</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"> .James<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Wilson<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pennsylvania</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Episcopalian </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Deist)*</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">–Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>8/21/1797</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Gunning<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Bedford, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">Jr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Delaware</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>3/30/1812</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">James<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>McHenry<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Maryland<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Physician</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>5/3/1816</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Livingston</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>7/25/1790</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Paterson </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>9/9/1806</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hugh</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Williamson<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Carolina </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Educator</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>5/22/1819</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jared</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Ingersoll</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Pennsylvania</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>10/31/1822</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Alexander Hamilton</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ork</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">raised</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Huguenot<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(Presbyterian)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">also<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Episcopalian) </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Lawyer </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>7/12/1804</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jonathan</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Dayton </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(also</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Episcopalian)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>10/9/1824</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">John<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>Blair<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> of</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia
(also</span> an<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Episcopalian)</span> -<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>8/31/1800</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Non-Signing<span style="letter-spacing: -.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Delegates<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">James</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">McClurg</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">of
Virginia</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">–</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Physician</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">–</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">
Died</span><span style="font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">7/9/1823 </span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> William<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">C.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">
Houston</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">of </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">T</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">eacher</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Died</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -0.55pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">8/12/17</span></span></h3>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>R.<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davie</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Carolina </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span>11/29/1820</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Alexander</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Mar</span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">n<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Carolina</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Poli</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cian</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"> </span>11/2/1807</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">First</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">U.S.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Congress</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Senators</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jonathan</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Elmer</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Physician</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span>9/3/1817</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Paterson</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jersey*</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>-<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>9/9/1806</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">House<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Representa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ves</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">Benjamin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Bourne<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span>
Rhode<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Island<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Lawyer </span>– <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>9/17/1808</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;">William<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Smith of </span>Maryland<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
Merchant </span>– <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>3/27/1814</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hugh</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Williamson<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>North<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Carolina*– Educator </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>5/22/1819</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Elias</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">--</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Lawyer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Died</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>10/24/1821<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">**</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">See</span></i><i><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Footnote</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">4,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">above.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Other</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Founders</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Second</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">President</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">of</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Con</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ti</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">nental</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Congress</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">under</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Articles</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">of</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Confederation</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Elias</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Delegate
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Representa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ve</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jersey;</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">born</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Philadelphia,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pa.,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">May</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>2,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1740;<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">received</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">classical</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">education;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">studied</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">law;</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">admi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bar</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1760<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">commenced</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">practice</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Elizabethtown,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">N.J.;</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span>member<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">board</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">trustees</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">College</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1772-<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>1821;<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>member<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">commi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ee</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">safety</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1775;
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">commissary</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">general</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">prisoners</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Revolutionary</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Army</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>1776-1779;<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>Member<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Con</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">nental</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1778,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>1781,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1782<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1783,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>serving<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">President</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1782<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1783,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">signing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">treaty </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">peace</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">England;</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">resumed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">prac</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">law;</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">elected</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pro-Administra</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">candidate</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">First,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Second,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Third</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congresses</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(March</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>4,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1789-March</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>3,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1795);<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">candidate</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">renomina</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">1794<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Fourth </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress;</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Director</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mint</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">October</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1795<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>July<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>1805,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>when<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">resigned;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">elected</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">American</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>Bible<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Society,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>1816;<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">died
in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Burlington, Burlington</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Coun</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ty,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> N.J.,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">October</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>24,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>1821;<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">interment</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">St.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Mary’s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Protestant</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Episcopal</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Church</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Cemetery.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> 6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“The</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Huguenot</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">progenitor </span><span style="color: #231f20;">[Elias’<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">grandfather]</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">family</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">country</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">le</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ancestral</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">home</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Marans,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">near La</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Rochelle,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> famous</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> wars</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">League,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">immediately</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">upon</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">revoca</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Edict </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Nantes,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">se</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">led</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">family</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>city<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ork,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1687,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">where</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">one</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ounde</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">r</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> F</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">r</span>ench<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>chu<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">r</span>ch,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span>s </span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">f<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">i</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">r</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">s</span><span style="color: #231f20;">t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>elde<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>It<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> is </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sugges</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ve</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">incident</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">among<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>acts<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hos</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lity</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">which<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">subject</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">before
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">emigra</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> judicial prosecu</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">employing</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">private</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tutor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Reformed
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">faith</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">educa</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">children.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Elias</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Boudinot,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">third</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in
direct</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">descent</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
from </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ancest</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">r,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">born</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span>1740,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> bap</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">zed</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.8pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.4pt;">Rev</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">George</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">White</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eld.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">He</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">studied</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">law</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">with<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Richard</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Stockton,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">signer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Declara</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Independence,<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ha</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>married<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hi</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>elder<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">si</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">st</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">A</span>t<span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">age</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">twenty</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">commenced</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">prac</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">profession</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Elizabethtown,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">where,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">two</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">years</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">a</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">er,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">married<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">sister</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.5pt;">Mr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.45pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Stockton.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">A</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ached</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Church,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>made<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">its</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">board</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">trustees</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">only</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">twenty-</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ve years</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">age.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Elizabethtown</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at </span><span style="color: #231f20;">this<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">me<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">home</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>William<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Peartree</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Smith,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>William<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Livingston,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">other</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eminent</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>men,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">leaders</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rring</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">strife</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">mes,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">through</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>[the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">town]</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">become</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">center</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">patrio</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">movement</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">throughout</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">New<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Into</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">movement</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">entered</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">enthusiasm,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">began</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">career</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">public</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>service<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">lasted</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nearly</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>close<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">life.”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> From </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">website:</span><span style="letter-spacing: -1.05pt;"> </span></span><u style="text-underline: #3953A4;"><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><a href="http://www.americanbiblehistory.com/boudinot-"><span style="color: #3953a4;">www.americanbiblehistory.com/boudinot-</span></a></span></u><span style="color: #3953a4;"> <span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><u style="text-underline: #3953A4;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tablet.html<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">man<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">did</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">some </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">interes</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ng </span><span style="color: #231f20;">things<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">during</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">r</span>ee<span style="letter-spacing: -1.3pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">“</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">O</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sep</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">t</span>ember<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>25,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1789,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">a</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> a</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">f<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">t</span></span><span style="color: #231f20;">er<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">House</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Representa</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ves</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">approved</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bill</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.8pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Rights</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in its </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nal </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">form,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> pious Elias</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Boudinot,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>1782-83,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>announced<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">colleagues that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">could</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not </span>‘think<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">le</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ng</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">session</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pass over</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>without<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ff</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ering</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">opportunity </span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ci</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">zens</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> States</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">joining,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">one </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">voice,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">returning</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Almighty</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>God<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">sincere
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">thanks</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">many </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">blessing that He</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> poured</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">down</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">upon</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">them.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">’</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Boudinot,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">therefore,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">moved that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">House</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Senate
request</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">President</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">‘recommend to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> day</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of public </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">thanksgiving</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">pra</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">yer,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> be
observed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">acknowledging,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">grateful</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hearts,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">many </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">signal</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">favors
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">God.’”</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Only</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">two</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">congressmen</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">went</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">record</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">opposing</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Boudinot’s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mo</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Aedanus<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Burke </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">South</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Carolina</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(1743-1802)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">colleague</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Thomas</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ucker</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(1745-</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>1828),<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">took</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">‘strict</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">separa</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">onist’</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">posit</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">i</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">proclaiming</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">na</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">onal </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">day</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
thanksgiving </span>‘is<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">business
</span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">have</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> nothing </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> do; it</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ma</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">er,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">such, is </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">proscribed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">us.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">’</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">ucker</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">answered</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Roger</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sherman</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(1721-1793),</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">observed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">‘prac</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">thanksgiving [was]</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">warranted</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">number</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">precedents</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Holy</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Writ,’</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">men</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">oned,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> ‘example </span>…<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">worthy </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Chris</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">an</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imita</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> present</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">occasion.’</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">concluded</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ci</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ng</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">‘further<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">precedents</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">prac</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">late</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress’</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>which,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">course, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">approved</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>whole<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">series
of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">thanksgiving </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">day</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">proclama</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ons.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Boudinot’s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mo</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pass both houses of Congress</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">with<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">only
two</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">recorded</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">objec</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">October</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>3,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1789,<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">George</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Washington </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">issued</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> proclama</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">recommending</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">American</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">November</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>26,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>thank<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> ‘signal </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">manifold</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mercies,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">favorable</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">imposi</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> providence’ </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">as</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">well</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">as </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">beseech
Him</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">‘to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pardon
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">our</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">na</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">onal</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">other</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">transgr</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">essions</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">’</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">.” 7 </span></span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Washington,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Franklin</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">others</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">encouraged</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Thomas</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">write</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">transgressions</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">British</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">booklet</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Common</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sense</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></i>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">spread</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> word</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">reasons</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fight </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">independence</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">during</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1776.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">used</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Biblical</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">arguments</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Common</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sense</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">did not</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
hint </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>criticism<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the Bible<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">suggest that </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
Deist.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">used</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">“Render</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">unto</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Caesar </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>things<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>that<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Caesar’s”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span></span></i><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">argument,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">used</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ma</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hew</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">22:21,<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">used</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Judge</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>8:22-23<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">describing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>King<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Heaven</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">being</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> Israel’s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">proper</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sovereign.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">How</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ever,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">later</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">life</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">became</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>thorn<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> side of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Chris</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anity</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his views </span><span style="color: #231f20;">about<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">it changed.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine wrote</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>another<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">book,</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Age<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Reason,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1794,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ft</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dra</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ft</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">passage</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cons</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tu</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Bill<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Rights.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Je</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ff</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">erson, </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Adams,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>Benjamin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Rush,<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
Jay</span> and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Benjamin<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Franklin did</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">support</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Paine’s
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">publica</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">this</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">book. </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> late</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">life expressed
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> request
to </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buried</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Quaker</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
cemetery, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">but</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Society</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Friends</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">denied</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his
request.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
had fallen</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">out</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">favor</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in his</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">last</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">years.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">few</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> years</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">wai</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ng</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">real</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Biblical</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">scholar</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">write</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
refuta</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Paine’s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">book, </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Director
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">U.S. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Mint</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Board </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">University</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">where</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">taught</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">some</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">courses,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">decided</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">must</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">write</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">refute</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Paine’s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">book.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">wanted</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">explain</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">“essen</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">al</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">facts</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Gospel,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">are</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">contradicted,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">or</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">empted</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">turned</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">into</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">ridicule,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">by”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Paine. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“I</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">have</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">endeavored</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">detect</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">falsehoods</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">misrepresenta</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ons,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">show</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">extreme</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.75pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ignorance</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">divine</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">scriptures,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">makes</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">subject of his </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">animadversions</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not </span>knowing<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">‘they</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> are </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">power</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>God<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
unto</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">salva</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on,
to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">everyone</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> believeth.’” 8</span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Boudinot’s book</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">theological</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">dissec</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Paine’</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new
book </span><span style="color: #231f20;">–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Age<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Reason.</span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Boudinot</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">knew<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">loved</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bible.</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Working</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>with<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">several</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Founders,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">donated</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>$10,000<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">American</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Bible<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Society</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(ABS)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">served</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">its</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span><span style="color: #231f20;">1816<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">death</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>1821.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jay </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>vice<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president
of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>ABS<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">under </span>Boudinot<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">became</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>ABS<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>1821<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> at </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Boudinot’s</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">death.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jay </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">chief</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jus</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Supreme</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Court</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span>1789<span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1794<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jay</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">selected</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Washington</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">nego</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ate</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">treaty</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Great</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bri</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ta</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Interes</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ngly, </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Francis</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Sco</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">Key,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">writer</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States’</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Na</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">onal</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Anthem,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Vice</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">President</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
organiza</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span><span style="color: #231f20;">1817<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">un</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">l</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>death</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">1843.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">So</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>Boudinot,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jay, </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> Key</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
were </span>among<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> supporters </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of spreading</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Gospel<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Bibles.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ministers</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>James<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Caldwell</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">born
in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cub</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Creek,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>April<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span>1734<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">graduated</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">College</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(later</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">became</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">University)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">1759<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">He</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">inherited</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>500<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">acres</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cub</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Creek,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">but</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">became</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">pastor</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Church</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Elizabethtown,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">He</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ac</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ve</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">patriots</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>known<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">“soldier</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">parson.”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">His</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">church </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">house</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">burned by </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Loyalists</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span>1780.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">His </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">wife</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
Hannah</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> was at</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">home </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>3 <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">year</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">old </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>a <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">toddler</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">she</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">shot</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">through</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
bedroom </span>window<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>June<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>7<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by Bri</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sh</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.6pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">gun</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">James<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Caldwell</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">military</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> at</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Morristown</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ba</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">le</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Connec</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cut</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Farms</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(now</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Union,<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jersey)</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">me.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>climactic<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Ba</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">le</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Springfield,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Jersey,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>6000<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Crown</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">forces</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">acked</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Staten</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>Island,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;">
</span>via<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Elizabethtown.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">force</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>2000<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Continentals</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Jersey </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Militia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
stopped </span>Gen.<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Knyphausen</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">defense</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">bolstered</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>James<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Caldwell.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>When<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Caldwell</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">joined</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ba</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">le,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">British</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">being</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">given</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sound</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">beating,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">but one</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
patriot</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">companies </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ran</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">out of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">paper</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">wadding.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span>James<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">called</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
for </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> company</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">retreat</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">back</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Church</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">where</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ran</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">grabbed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>Isaac<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
Wa</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hymnals.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">He</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.1pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">rushed<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">back</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">outside </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">began</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">slinging</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hymnals</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">soldiers</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">saying</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ll</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Bri</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sh</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">doctrine</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hymnals”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">“Give</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>‘Em<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Wa</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Boys!”</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">“Put</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Wa</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">tt</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">into</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">‘em,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Boys!”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Caldwell</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">killed<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> sentry </span>when<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">refused</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">open</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">package</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Elizabethtown.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
sentry, </span>James<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Morgan,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">hanged</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">murder</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>January<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span>29,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1782.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">There were </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nine</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">orphaned</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">children</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">raised</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">friends.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Source:</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">p//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James
Caldwell_</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(clergyman)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Other</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Ministers</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">fervor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">immediately</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ft</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">government</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">established.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">western</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">states</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">held</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">revivals</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> forests</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> were </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">called</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">camp</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">meetings.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ministers</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">some</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">biggest</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">promoters</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">these</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">events.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Cane</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Ridge </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span>Bourbon<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
Coun</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ty,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> Kentucky, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">site</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>25,000<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">people</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">coming</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">together</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">August</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1801<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eighteen</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ministers</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">several</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Baptist</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Methodist</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
ministers </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">using stumps</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">logs </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
pulpits.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Like</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.4pt;">Rev</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt;">.</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">George</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">White</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eld,</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Anglican</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>who<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">started</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>earlier<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">revival</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>middle<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>18<span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">th<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Century,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>these<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span>men<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">seeking</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">more</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">conversions</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>than<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">membership</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">denomina</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons.</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ministers</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">puzzled</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">about<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> physical</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">manifesta</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">that</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">these</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">events</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">caused</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">among</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
people </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>wringing<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
hands, becoming</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pale </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">death,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lying</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
ground</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">li</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ing</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">up</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">their<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">eyes to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Heaven</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>crying<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">mercy,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">head</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">“jerks,”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span>“barking”<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to </span>chase<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">devil up</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tree.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Some of </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">caused</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>enough<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bad</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">publicity that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterians</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bap</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sts</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">discon</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nued</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">camp</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mee</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ngs,</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">but</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Methodists</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">con</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">nued</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">took </span>them<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>all<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> way</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eastern</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">coast.<span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">10</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Leaders</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Before</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">the</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Revolution</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Samuel</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(1723–1761)</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">President</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> University,</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">then<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>known<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">as</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">College</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Jersey</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Born</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bap</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">st</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> parents </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Castle</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Coun</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ty,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Delaware,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">received</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>early<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">educa</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">under</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">tutelage of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;">Rev</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Samuel </span>Blair<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">academy</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">conducted</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Faggs</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> Mano</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">r,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Londonderry</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Township,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Chester
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Coun</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">ty,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Pennsylvania.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">He</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ordained</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Castle</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">presbytery</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1747.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.5pt;">At</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
request</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> of religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">dissenters</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Hanov</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">er,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">newly</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ordained</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">23-year-old</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Presbyterian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">minister</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">headed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">south</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
pastor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">four</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">congrega</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">licensed
by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Colonial</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">government</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1743.<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span>As<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">non-</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Anglican</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">minister</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">licensed</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">preach</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia,</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">advanced</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
cause</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>civil<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">liberty</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">colonial</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Davies’s
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">strong</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">convic</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">led</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">him</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">value</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">‘freeborn</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>mind’<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">inalienable</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>‘liberty<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">conscience’ that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">established</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Anglican</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Church</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">en</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">failed</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> to</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">respect</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 11.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> days before</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">independence.</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">By </span>appealing<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bri</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sh</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">law</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">no</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ons of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Bri</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">sh</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
liberty,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">agitated</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span><span style="color: #231f20;">an<span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">agreeable</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ff</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ec</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ve</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">manner<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">greater</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tolerance</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">laid</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">groundwork</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ul</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mate</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.85pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">separa</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of church</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">state</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in Virginia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">consummated</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Statute </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Freedom</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1786.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.45pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.5pt;">At</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">same</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">me<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">star</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ng</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ministry in Virginia,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">six</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">students </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">began </span><span style="color: #231f20;">their<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">studies</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Elizabeth,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">N.J.,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> at </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">College</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Jersey,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span>which<span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">established</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>1746<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">educate </span>‘those<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of every</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Religious</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Denomina</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on.’</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">In<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1754<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">trustees</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">college</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">persuaded </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span>whose<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">work</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Virginia</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">been</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> favorably</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">noted,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">go</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Great </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Britain</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">raise</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">money
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fl</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">edgling</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">school.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">The journey was</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">mes<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">harrowing,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">but</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">con</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ded</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">diary</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">‘</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">To</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be instrumental</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of
laying</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">founda</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> extensive </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">bene</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">mankind,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">not</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">only</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">present</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">but</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> future genera</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ons, </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">is</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">most</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">anima</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ng</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.9pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">prospect.’</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">In<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>end,<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">friend,
</span>Gilbert<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Tennen</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">t,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> spent </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eleven</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">months</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> Great </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Britain</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">raised
substan</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">al
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">support,</span><span style="color: #231f20;"> enough<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
build </span>Nassau<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Hall</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">permanent</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">building</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">new</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.3pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">campus</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Princeton.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">A</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">er</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">return</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Great</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Britain,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies’</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">prominence</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> in
Virginia</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">grew</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">during
</span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">French</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>Indian<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> War</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">implored</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>men<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">do</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>their<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">part</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">‘to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">secure</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ines</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">mable</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">blessings</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">liberty.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">’</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Governor</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.25pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Dinwiddie</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">declared</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">best</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">recruiter</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">olon</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies’</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rhetorical</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">gi</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">renowned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Patrick</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Henry, </span><span style="color: #231f20;">who<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>as<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>child<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">o</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">en</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">heard</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">preach,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">told</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">biographer</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> before </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">death</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Samuel</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">taught him what</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">orator</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">should</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">be.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Musicologists</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">credit</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">with<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">being</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">fi</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">rst</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">American-born</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">hymn</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt;">writer,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">and<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">poetry</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">published</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Williamsburg
in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">1752.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">also<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> spent </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his
</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">me<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in Virginia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">pioneering</span> the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">literacy</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">colony’s </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">slave
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">popula</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">whom<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> felt</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.85pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">were</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>equally<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">deserving</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">direct</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>access<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> word</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">God.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">1759,<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">four years</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">had</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">returned</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">trip<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to Great </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Britain</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">behalf</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">College
of </span>New<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Jersey,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">trustees</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> college </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">called</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies
</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> again</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20;">me<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">become</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">school’s </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">fourth
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">succeeded</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Jonathan</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Edwards,
w</span>ho<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> just </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">six</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">weeks</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">inaugura</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on.</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Unfortunately,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Davies’s</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">term</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">as<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">president</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>also<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>cut<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">short
</span>when<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he died</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in </span>1761<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">at</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">age of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>37.<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">He</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">buried</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>alongside<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">predecessor</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">Cemetery</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Despite</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">rela</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">vely</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">short</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">life,</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Davies</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">accomplished</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">much<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">lived</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">creed</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">he</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">exhorted</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Class</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1760<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">his</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">baccalaureate</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">address</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.15pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>which<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">has
been </span>echoed<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">by </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">presidents</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Princeton</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">throughout</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">its</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">history:</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">‘Whatever</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">be</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">your</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">place,
imbibe</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>cherish<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> public</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">spirit.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Serve</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> your</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">genera</span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">on.’”</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.5pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">ft</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">the</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Revolu</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">and</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">Beginning<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Republic</span></span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>During</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">period</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>1810-1830,<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">revivals</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">evangelism</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">activities</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span>abounded<span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">entire</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">country</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.35pt;">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">coincided</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>time<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">that</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">states</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">began</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">drop
tax </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">support</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> religion.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Massachuse</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">tt</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">held</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">out</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">until</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span>1833<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">finally</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> voted</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">discontinue</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">support </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">churches.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">This signaled</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">disappearance of</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">“nursing</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">father”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">concept</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">from </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Isaiah<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span></span></i><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">government</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 1.55pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20;">aiding<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">churches.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Some</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">informa</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">ti</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">on</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.25pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">was</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">extracted</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">from:</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><u style="text-underline: #3953A4;"><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">www.adherents.com/gov/Founding_Fathers_Religion.html;</span></u><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: 2.95pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><u style="text-underline: #3953A4;"><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.adherents.com/gov/congress_001.html"><span style="color: #3953a4;">h</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">tt</span><span style="color: #3953a4;">p://www.adherents.com/gov/congress_001.html</span></a></span></u><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">; </span><span style="color: #3953a4; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-width: 99%;"><a href="http://www.usconstitution.net/declarsigndata.html"><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">www.uscons</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">ti</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">tu</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">ti</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">on.net/declarsigndata.html</span></a></span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: 4.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.usconstitution.net/artsigndata.html"><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.uscons</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ti</span><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tu</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ti</span><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">on.net/artsigndata.html</span></a>;</span><span style="color: #3953a4; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="mso-font-width: 99%;"><a href="http://www.usconstitution.net/constframedata.html"><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">www.uscons</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">ti</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">tu</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">ti</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">on.net/cons</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">tf</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-font-width: 100%;">ramedata.html</span></a></span><u style="text-underline: #3953A4;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">;</span></u><span style="letter-spacing: 3.35pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Biographical</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">Directory</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">of</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">the<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">United</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">States</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Congress,</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt; mso-font-width: 99%;"> </span></span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/"><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">h</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tt</span><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">p://bioguide.congress.gov/</span></a></span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">If<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">you</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">have</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">informa</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">ti</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">on</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>about<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
any </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">of </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> individuals<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you see any information <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">in</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>this<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">paper
that </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">differs from your understanding,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> please</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">
share</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> it </span>with<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>author<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> allow </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">him</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">to</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">make</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">corrections.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Prepared</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Originally in August 2010 and
Revised February 17, 2019 <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">by</span> William
J. <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Skinner,</span> Lake<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Worth,</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Florida </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Tele:</span> 561-433-1170</span><span style="font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trajan Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trajan Pro";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Emai<a href="mailto:BillSkinnerLW@aol.com"><span style="color: #231f20; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">l:</span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: 3.9pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.15pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">BillSkinnerLW@aol.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trajan Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trajan Pro";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Copyright</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 2019. All <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Rights</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Reserved.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Permission</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">reprint</span>
is <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Freely</span> given<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">to</span>
all Church <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Ministers</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.75pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">and</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Elders</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">for</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">use</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">their</span>
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Christian</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Education</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">and</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
church </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">activities.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Trajan Pro",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trajan Pro"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trajan Pro";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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END
NOTES<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Religion and the Founding of the American Republic,
James A. Hutson, 1998, Library of Con- gress citing Douglas Adair, “Was
Alexander Hamilton a Christian Statesman?”, Trevor Colbourn, Ed. Fame and the
Founding Fathers (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), 141-159<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">“The Founders on
Religion:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a book of quotations” by James
H. Hutson, Princeton University Press, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ibid</span></i><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">. Adams
Extracts. 393<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In reviewing the members of the First House of
Representatives Elias Boudinot is listed as Episcopalian, not Presbyterian. But
he was elected to office in the Presbyterian Church in Elizabethtown, New
Jersey at the age of 25 and his family acknowledged that he was Presbyterian
when they wrote to Princeton University during the time Woodrow Wilson was
president of Princeton to describe a bronze plaque they wanted to erect to his
memory of his long service as a member of the Board of Trustees of Princeton
(established as the College of New Jersey by Presbyterians. Boudinot was buried
in an Episcopal church cemetery in Philadelphia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps in his last years he attended that
Episcopal Church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1820s there was
the emergence of a Western Revival brought to eastern cities by the Methodists.
These were held in New York in 1808, and in Philadelphia, Baltimore and
Providence in the next decade. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See</i>
Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, 105.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Presbyterians had a New Side – Old Side split
and reunion into the more evangelical New Side church in the 1700s. The New
Side won this battle because of the log colleges where they trained their
pastors. The Presbyterian Church was having difficult financial times in
Philadelphia in the early 1800s. “In 1812 Elias Boudinot gave the [Second
Presbyterian] Church four brick homes at the northeast corner of Ninth and
Cherry Streets, </span><span style="color: #231f20; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">provide</span> homes for <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">widows</span> and their children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">was</span> <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">known</span> as the<span style="letter-spacing: -.4pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Widows</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Asylum.”</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">See<span style="letter-spacing: -.85pt;"> </span></i>Presbyterian
Historical Society documents on <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">2<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;">nd</span></sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 4.0pt; position: relative; top: -4.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span>Presbyterian<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>Church, Records, 1759-1940 <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(bulk:</span> 1786-1899) Finding<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>Aid to Record Group 33, 8.5 cubic
feet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Found</span>
at:<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"><a href="http://www.history.pcusa.org/collections/findingaids/"><span style="color: #231f20; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="color: #231f20; letter-spacing: -.05pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.history.pcusa.org/collections/findingaids/</span></a></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fa.cfm?record_id=33</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Baldwin was educated at Yale College in
theology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He tutored at Yale and in 1779
became a chaplain in the Revolutionary War. Later founded the University of
Georgia. His biography does not say he was a lawyer. See
www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article. jsp?id=h-2710<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biographical Directory of the United States
Congress, </span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.05pt;"><a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/"><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">h</span><span style="color: #3953a4; letter-spacing: -.1pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tt</span><span style="color: #3953a4; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">p://bioguide.congress.gov/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Religion and the <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Founding</span> of the<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>American<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>Republic, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Id. </i>at 79-80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>Age
of <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Revelation:</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">AGE</span> OF REASON<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Shewen </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span>Age<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Infi</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">delity,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>Elias<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>Boudinot, 1801,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Philadelphia, and reprinted by<span style="letter-spacing: -.7pt;"> </span>American <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Vision</span>
Press, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Powder</span> Springs, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Georgia,</span> 2010, <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Forward</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>by <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gary <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">DeMar,</span> xi, xxi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James Madison was attracted to attend
the College of New Jersey, partly because of the fame of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Witherspoon, a Presbyterian
Minister.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madison graduated from the
College of New Jersey in 1771, so he would not have met James Caldwell at the College.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madison finished his junior and senior years
in one year, but he stayed on longer to read some law and for tutoring in
Hebrew by John Witherspoon. Source:
http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Compan- ion/madison_james/html<span style="color: #231f20;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Religion
and the Founding of the American Republic, p. 101<o:p></o:p></div>
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11.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Davies_(Presbyterian_educator)
Acessed August 3, 2010<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-12604054703556788632018-09-07T09:21:00.000-07:002018-09-07T09:21:53.415-07:00James Wilson: Founding Father<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">JAMES WILSON: Founding
Father<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt;">Constitution Day,
September 17, 2018<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt;">A</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">t </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">the Constitutional Convention (1787) in Philadelphia, <span style="color: black;">Wilson reached the apex of his career, where his influence was probably second only to that of James Madison. Rarely missing a session, he sat on the Committee of Detail and in
many other ways applied his excellent knowledge of political theory to
convention problems. Only Gouverneur Morris delivered more speeches</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Born and educated in Scotland, he was
a lawyer and land speculator. He represented Pennsylvania at the convention and
worked hard to make it the second state to ratify the Constitution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He later was appointed to the Supreme Court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since the committee didn't leave a
record of its proceedings, its story has to be pieced together from three
documents: an outline by Edmund Randolph (Virginia) with edits by John Rutledge
(S.C.), extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson with edits by Rutledge,
and the final report presented to the convention. David Stewart (author and
scholar) argues "this evidence places the drafting pen in the hands of
those three men". The outline began with two rules for drafting: that the
constitution should only include essential principles, avoiding minor
provisions that would change over time, and that it should be stated in simple
and precise language. Wilson's draft included the first attempt at what would
become the preamble in the final document. [8]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beginning with Randolph's outline, the
committee added numerous provisions that the convention had never discussed,
but which were not likely to be controversial. Examples include the speech and
debate clause and provisions organizing the house and senate. Three of the
committee's changes fundamentally reconstituted the national government. The
first change replaced the open-ended grant of powers to Congress with a list of
enumerated powers. This was due to Rutledge, who wanted a strong national
government but not one with indefinite powers.[9] Many of these eighteen
enumerated powers came from the Articles of Confederation. By this, the
committee made the new national government one of limited powers, despite
opposition among most delegates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rutledge was not able to completely
convince Wilson, who was hostile to states’ rights and wanted a stronger
national government. Wilson thus modified the list of enumerated powers,
notably by adding the necessary and proper clause. He also strengthened the
supremacy clause.[10] These changes set the final balance between the national
and state governments that would be a part of the final document, as the
convention never challenged this dual-sovereignty between nation and state
established by Rutledge and Wilson.[11] The final report of this committee,
which became the first draft of the constitution, was the first workable
constitutional plan, as Madison's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of
goals and a broad structure. Even after it issued this report, the committee
continued to meet off and on until early September. Further changes were made
by the convention and other committees. On September 8, 1787, a Committee of
Style with different members was impaneled to set down and revise the actual
text of the Constitution. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[footnotes omitted.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Based
on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Detail">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Detail</a>
and <a href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/convention/delegates/wilson.html">http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/convention/delegates/wilson.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-28334538503290348262018-07-30T09:51:00.000-07:002018-07-30T10:01:16.344-07:00Clean Water Is Still A Long Way Off – Maybe Further Than Mars<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>By William J. Skinner</b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">B</span></b>ack in September 2017, I wrote an article
about “Water, Water Everywhere” to sum up a few of my discoveries about what is
being done about the toxic algae problem in Florida with a focus on Palm Beach
County and Lake Okeechobee. The
problems are much bigger than any of us expect.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The effects
of toxins in water on human health, especially brain health, are being studied
around the world. The problems are
complex, but we can study it and find how to reduce the damage and deaths.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What brings
this subject to my mind to share with you is my personal knowledge and
involvement in brain health issues. It
is hard to grasp the enormity of the science involved, but we do have the means
to unravel some of these biological secrets if we keep studying the problems. A little simplified and condensed history
about smoking tobacco might help. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Seventy
years ago before I was a teenager, cigarettes, cigars and chewing tobacco were
commonplace. When I was in my thirties,
my father died of a heart attack. He
smoked 5 or more cigars a day sometimes.
That probably led to his death at age 60. Next I learned that the husband of one of my
mother’s cousins died of throat cancer at about age 50; he was a smoker and
chewed tobacco. Next one of my
grandfathers died of emphysema at about 78.
In those days tobacco was king and it was lightly regulated. Then came the science.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I remember
learning about Dr. Bruce Ames, a scientist in California, who was one of the
pioneers in developing laboratory tests to determine the “hits” on mice and rat
DNA from being raised in a tobacco smoke rich environment. A “hit” is when it could be determined that
the DNA was reconfigured because of something the animal had breathed or eaten. As time when on these tests became more
accurate. When DNA is modified, it can
cause cancer to develop.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In the past
20 years, we learned that nicotine, in tobacco, was also addicting and the
growers and sellers knew this before the public did. Tobacco is now regulated by laws and
regulations administered by the Food and Drug Administration. But people still smoke and chew, though not
as much.<o:p></o:p></div>
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On
television today we are inundated with commercials selling prescription drugs
that extoll the virtues of the drugs and ask you to ask your doctor. The idea of drug science is becoming a second
nature to a new generation of TV watchers. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Everyone
who keeps up with the news for the past 30 years knows that the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has expanded its authority so much that President
Trump’s election was supported by many to rein in the broad grabbing of
authority by EPA. This was a problem the
Congress caused in many ways.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Before
retiring to Florida 14 years ago, I was a supporter of the Chesapeake Bay
Foundation for many years. It has done some
good work in the states that have the water sheds that flow into the bay. The CBF Winter 2017 magazine just came and
Will Baker, the CBF President, described the problems being done by the
chemical pesticide, chlorpyrifos, “which is acutely toxic to Bay life and has
been found to cause brain damage in children.”
Baker quotes Fernando Stein, the President of the American Academy of
Pediatrics, writing in the <i>NY Times, </i>“This
chemical is unambiguously dangerous and should be banned from use.” Baker quotes other people familiar with the
chemical. Then he proposes support for
two bills in Congress, S.B. 1624 – The Protect Children, Farmers, and
Farmworkers from Nerve Agent Pesticides Act of 2017 and H. R. 4420 –The
Chesapeake Bay Farm Bill Enhancements Act
of 2017 which also supports multi-state water quality challenges. Senate cosponsors are all Democrats. House
cosponsors include a couple or Republicans from bay districts.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Now we move
on to what the 11<sup>th</sup> Circuit Court of Appeals wrote back in June of
2017 about Florida’s water. The 11<sup>th</sup>
Circuit is an intermediary court between the local U.S. District Court and the
Supreme Court of the U.S. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Court
was a three judge panel of Circuit Judges Tjoflat and Rosenbaum, plus Hon. Jane
A. Restani, U.S. Court of International Trade sitting by designation. Judge Rosenbaum wrote the 52-page
opinion. The opinion began by reviewing
background issues. Notice how three
judges described the “algae blooms”.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
“Plaintiff-Appellants
Florida Wildlife Federation, Inc., Environmental Confederation of
Southwest Florida, Inc., and Conservancy of Southwest Florida, Inc., (collectively,
“Conservationists”), complained about serious environmental problems in this
channel and the surrounding areas where Lake Okeechobee’s waters flow. They
asserted that decisions by Defendant-Appellee U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(the “Corps”) about when and how to release water from certain locks along
the Waterway violate the Clean Water Act and Florida law because they
negatively affect the quality of the waters the Corps regulates.In response, the
Corps invoked sovereign immunity, and the district court dismissed the
Conservationists’ complaint on that basis. The Conservationists now appeal.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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But they aren’t the
only ones. The South Florida Water Management District (the “Water
District”), an agency of the State of Florida, also appeals the judgment. It does
so, though, on the basis that the district court first should have decided whether the
Conservationists failed to join the Water District as an indispensable party
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19(b).”</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
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* * *<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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“To the Conservationists, this case is
about the quality of water and the ecological conditions along the Waterway. To
the Corps, it is about federal regulation of navigation through the Waterway.
And to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) and the Water
District, the case is about protecting any authority the state might have over
the waters at the center of this controversy. So resolving this case requires
us to consider complex and overlapping interests. Because
understanding these interests is critical to finding the right answer here, we review
relevant background information below about Florida’s water geography, Florida’s
water-ecology issues, the roles that the federal and state entities play in
regulating the waters at issue in this case, and federal and state law concerning water
quality.”</div>
</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
* * *<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
“B. Florida’s Ecological Water Issues<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Florida suffers from a Goldilocks
problem when it comes to water in the Waterway: too much or too little
results in serious consequences. The waters in the Waterway are healthiest and most
useful when they fall within a range that is just right. In this lawsuit, the
Conservationists complain about only the problems that arise as a result of low water in
the Caloosahatchee River, a condition they attribute in part to the Corps’s
management of S-77, S-78, and S-79 under its 2008 regulation schedule. See
generally U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, Jacksonville Dist., Cent. & S. Fla.
Project: Water Control Plan for Lake Okeechobee & Everglades Agric. Area
(2008) (“2008 LORS”).</div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Low water levels can have adverse
effects on navigation, water supply, and fish and wildlife in the area. Among
other negative effects, low water levels can aggravate ecological conditions in the
Caloosahatchee and St. Lucie Estuaries by causing too high a level of salinity
and saltwater encroachment into the freshwaters of the Waterway. But the
Conservationists draw special attention to another serious problem associated
with lower water levels: the emergence of algal blooms. Often characterized by
the bright-green appearance of the water in which they are occurring, algal
blooms represent a serious environmental problem because they consume an excessive
amount of oxygen from the water when the constituent cells die. The remaining
levels of oxygen may be too low to sustain aquatic life, which can die off as a
result. Algal blooms also can result in taste and odor problems with drinking
water, contribute to the formation of <b>carcinogenic
substances</b> in drinking water when it undergoes chlorination, and produce <b>toxins </b>that are not removed by the
treatment process. Algal-bloom toxins, in turn, can cause <b>liver and neurological disease in animals and humans</b> who drink or
come into contact with the water. They can induce skin irritations, kill fish
and other animals, and seriously impair the recreational value of the body of
water. <b>And eating fish taken from waters
during algal blooms is dangerous</b>. Algal blooms have happened in the
Caloosahatchee River eight of the eleven years between 2001 and 2012. In 2011,
eight weeks of algal blooms proliferated.”</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
[emphasis added.]<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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The
remainder of the opinion and specially concurring opinion by Judge Tjoflat
dealt with the procedural position for dismissing under Rule 19 or the claim of
sovereign immunity. Rule 19 was selected as the primary reason for dismissing
the case. No ruling was made on the
operational procedures for the locks or the dangerousness of the algae blooms, but
the court explained what it understood of the science that was put before them
during the case.</div>
</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
11<sup>th</sup> Circuit Court of Appeals – June 19, 2017 –
Opinion in <i>Florida Wildlife Mgmt, et al
v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineer, </i>Case No. 4:12-cv-00355. Case dismissed for failure to join SFWMD in
the suit under Federal Rule 19 (b).<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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Now for
those who like to watch videos, I am giving you three to watch in order. They are all short, but very interesting.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
To learn more about BMAA in the brains of humans watch these
three quick videos in this order:<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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ONE - 2012 Paul Alan Cox speaks about BMAA in tangle
diseases at Jackson Hole<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jWi6WQQ9wo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jWi6WQQ9wo</a></span> then <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
go on YouTube and search for “update on Paul Alan Cox BMAA
research since 2012” and<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
you will find several more short reports that claim BMAA is
found in brains of people dying<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
of ALS, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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TWO - April 3, 2017 Update on use of L-serine for ALS <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4cwR8SMs4w">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4cwR8SMs4w</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #333333; padding: 0in;">Published on Jan 24, 2016</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BREAKTHROUGH: Cause of Alzheimer’s discovered:
where you live and what you eat are crucial.
A POISONOUS algae found in freshwater lakes in the UK is being blamed
for an increase in the number of people developing dementia, which is expected
to hit one million by 2050.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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THREE - <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNIHGU-LR8Y">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNIHGU-LR8Y</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #333333; padding: 0in;">Published on Mar 5, 2016</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The neurotoxin BMAA is found in seafood and
the brains of Alzheimer’s and ALS victims. Might dietary changes help prevent
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? [This one
shows research papers and connection to fish in USA.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLVUfYEnVvs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLVUfYEnVvs</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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Downloaded 12-5-2017 WJS<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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We may have
to go to another world to get our brains away from the danger of chlorpyrifos
and BMAA. Ask Stephen Hawking if you don’t
believe me. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-14760147609614858512017-10-07T09:57:00.000-07:002017-10-07T09:57:38.140-07:00
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The Black Swan: The impact of the<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">HIGHLY IMPROBABLE<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Book Review by William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;">T</span>his
is not the kind of book I would normally pick up and read.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Newt Gingrich mentioned it in his new book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Understanding Trump, </i>so my interest was
aroused.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I discovered the Palm Beach
County Library had one copy each of the first (2007) and second (2010) edition
and obtained the second to see what the book contained about politics, Trump
and Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am glad I learned about
this 444 page softback, including the 71 pages of Postscript Essays, chapter
notes, bibliography, and index, because it may help to round out my thinking
big with all the minutia I am programmed to read.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nassim
Nicholas Taleb’s ancestral home was the Greek orthodox village of Amioun, in northern
Lebanon, and he was born in 1960.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talib
was educated at the University of Paris,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Paris Dauphine University, University of Pennsylvania, and the Wharton
School of the University of Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At the time the second edition was published, Talib was a Distinguished
Professor at New York University’s Polytechnic Institute. His official
biography on the web says: “Taleb's works focuses on mathematical,
philosophical, and practical problems with risk and probability, as well as on
the properties of systems that can handle disorder. He spent 21 years as a
derivatives trader and, after closing 650,000 option transactions and examining
200,000 risk reports, he changed careers in 2006 to become a scholar,
mathematical researcher and philosophical essayist.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taleb
is in the thinking business.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The idea of
Black Swan was first mentioned by Sextus Empiricus in his medical writings made
probably in Alexandria in around 100 CE. (p204)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Black Swan is an outlier or impossibility to most people because they
assume or believe all swans are white.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Believe me there is a lot more to it than this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Find out in the book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This author has written down every thought he
has ever had about his wonderings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taleb
may be writing random thoughts with parenthetical phrases to make sure he tells
the reader any exceptions. The book contains 19 chapters many of which are
around 10 pages in length, so you will be moving from theory to theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A simple message is to forget the bell curve
and forget the standard devation because they can be meaningless.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But
let me tell you five thoughts why Gingrich might have thought of Taleb’s book
when he wrote about Trump.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will
also tell you more about the book.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taleb
made a prediction after the 1987 stock market crash when Harry Markowitz and
William Sharpe were awarded the Nobel prize for developing the Modern Portfolio
Theory, when he wrote:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In a world in
which these who get the Nobel, anything can happen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyone can become president.”(p277)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trump became president in a black swan event
few expected.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Point
two is that Donald Trump graduated from the Wharton School as did Taleb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This bit is not in the book, but I know it
anyway.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Point
three is that Taleb says Edward Lorenz, MIT meteorologist, discussed the
butterfly effect as being when a butterfly moves its wings in India this could
be responsible for a hurricane in New York two years later. (p179) At least
this is a question of probability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is the Florida connection to Taleb’s thinking.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fourth,
Taleb says a few times in the book that militarily trained people think about
risks differently than otherwise educated individuals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trump graduated from a five year military
prep school before going to Wharton.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Despite
these coincidences, there is no doubt in my mind that Taleb was not thinking
about Donald Trump when he wrote this book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Taleb was thinking about knowing the unknowns and determining
probabilities of what will happen next in multiple contexts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
couple more glimpses of Taleb’s subject matter follow.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“What
to Remember<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Remember
this: the Gaussian-bell curve variations face a headwind that makes
probabilities drop at a faster and faster rate as you move away from the mean,
while ‘scalables,” or Mandelbrotian variations, do not have such a
restriction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That’s pretty much most of
what you need to know.” p234<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Taleb
dedicated this book to Benoit Mandelbrot.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Taleb
wrote it took him close to a decade and a half to find a real thinker, “the man
who made many swans gray: Mandelbrot—the great Benoit Mandelbrot.” p252<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yogi
Berra is quoted at p136 as saying, “It is tough to make predictions, especially
about the future.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<o:p> </o:p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Black Swan </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fooled by
Randomness</i> are only two of Taleb’s books, but they are in print in
thirty-one languages as of 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Black Swan </i>is - ISBN:
978-0-8129-7381-5.<o:p></o:p></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-66917638423429269102017-09-03T15:28:00.000-07:002017-09-03T15:28:33.488-07:00What Do We Really Know About The Bill of Rights?JAMES MADISON and the Struggle for the BILL of RIGHTS<br />
By Richard Lubinsky<br />
<br />
The above titled book was published in 2006, so you are already ten years behind if you have not read it. But if you get it now, it will be worth your while if you cherish the Bill of Rights like I do. From the opening page to end of the Epilogue there are 264 pages packed with details about James Madison’s work on the Constitutional Convention and the ratification in Virginia and other states, plus the election of Madison to the First U. S. Congress and his more than two year effort to pass the Bill of Rights.<br />
<br />
Remember that the Continental Congress was meeting in New York City for several years during the Revolutionary War. James Madison was from Orange County, Virginia, a several day trip to New York and a trip that Madison dreaded because of his long-time illness that comes to light in this book. Madison had a gastrointestinal problem that frequently caused diarrhea and other discomforts that were embarrassing to him during long trips on a stage coach or other conveyance with a couple of other people. For me this was the first glimpse of the personal fortitude that Madison had in dealing with his personal health problems while he was the instigator and daily shepherd of the assembly of the Constitutional Convention, the adoption, the ratification, and the struggle to adopt a Bill of Rights.<br />
<br />
The advance praise for the book comes from James Madison organizations and individual historians like Garry Wills, Philip Bigler, Charles F. Bryan, Jr. and David B. Mattern on the book cover. I am confident that if you read this book it will open your eyes to the divergence of views about adopting the Constitution in the first place to the switch by Madison from opposing a Bill of Rights to being the only real champion of adopting the Bill of Rights. This took Madison over two years of meticulous letter writing and personally speaking to hundreds of people.<br />
<br />
You will learn that Madison was not a dynamic speaker like Patrick Henry. Madison was a soft voice of reason who preferred to work behind the scenes, but if called upon to address a legislative body, he could hold his own with detail after detail. Madison was particularly good in legislative committees where a few people often recognized his intelligence and deferred to his solutions for the problems under discussion.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the book was somewhat dull to me, but essential to understand what was happening during the constitutional developments. I began making notes at page 174 when Madison’s election to the first U.S. Congress was described. Madison detested having to give up his work with the Continental Congress in New York and come home to Virginia to run for office to the House of Representatives. He did not like to ask for votes or do things like make promises. He thought everyone should know what he stood for and accept him for those characteristics. <br />
<br />
There were secret political goings-on that prevented Madison from being nominated for the U.S. Senate from Virginia. Some people tried to get Madison to run for Congress in a district where he did not live because those people want him to represent them. Patrick Henry, a former governor of Virginia and an ardent Anti-Federalist, had succeeded in designing districts for the ten Virginia House seats (Virginia was the largest state in the Confederation at the time. Remember it included today’s West Virginia and Kentucky) that would place Madison in a district that Henry thought Madison could not win. Henry was against the adoption of the new Constitution because he thought that the document took too many powers away from the individual countries, such as Virginia. This is the first book that I have read that shows the people of the time flat-out described the states as “countries” and it is obvious to me now that all of the thirteen colonies thought of themselves as individual countries at that time.<br />
<br />
But finally Madison was persuaded to come home four or five weeks before the election to campaign in ten inches of snow in the hills and hollers of Virginia. Madison managed to show up in county seat after county seat and talk to the people. Madison was frost bit a little during his travels in the counties of Orange, Louisa, Culpepper, and others, but he won the election over his friend, James Monroe, another individual who needs to be explored more by serious constitutional learners and scholars. Only 44% of the eligible voters came out in Madison’s district that first Virginia election, and in his district Madison was the victor.<br />
<br />
Madison and Monroe were so close that they invested in land together and invited Thomas Jefferson to join them in a venture at one time. Madison made more money in land, perhaps, than he did from Congress or his estate at Montpelier. This was another interesting discovery in the book.<br />
<br />
In that first election the Sheriffs of each county took down the voters’ preferences orally and made a record. Because of the bad weather, some Sheriffs took votes for three days because it took some hearty souls that long to get to the county seat to vote at considerable risk.<br />
<br />
Think of this and contrast it with how easy it is to vote in the 21st Century. We are now coddled, one might say, with our voting machines and fraud prevention systems that sometimes allows double voting, false registrations, and other devious election irregularities.<br />
<br />
Another item that piqued my interest was the beginning of Chapter 8 where it is disclosed that New Yorkers wanted to make that city the permanent capital of the United States. I live in Florida in a district where most of the voters are from a single ethnic group who used to live in New York, mostly New York City. My neighbors are democrats and I am a republican, so this struck me as especially interesting. Also my family and I lived in the Philadelphia area for five years during which time I accompanied my three boys and other Cub Scouts to the Independence Hall in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was debated and signed on several occasions. The place still has the ability to produce memories and dreams of the 1770s.<br />
<br />
Here is some detail about this time period that I learned from the book that will give you a good example of Labunski’s writing style:<br />
<br />
“Even the state’s Anti-Federalists, many of whom had wanted to prevent ratification at the New York convention in July 1788, agreed to approve the Constitution only because Federalists had strongly hinted that the city would likely become the permanent seat of government. Anti-Federalists knew that if New York did not join the union, its largest city would have no chance of hosting the new government.<br />
<br />
“New York officials worried with good reason, that Philadelphia would persuade lawmakers to return to that city, which was the home of the First Continental Congress in 1774 and where the Confederation Congress had met for nine years. Representative John Page of Virginia said that New York ‘is not so half as large as Philadelphia; nor in any manner to be compared to it for Beauty & Elegance.’ Benjamin Rush, a prominent Philadelphia physician, who wrote a long letter to John Adams in early spring to remind him of his home city’s many amenities and virtues, including ‘Philadelphia is the centre of the State of the Union: she is wholly & highly Federal.’ Another Pennsylvanian Timothy Pickering, said that ‘In Philadelphia, the Congress will find convenient lodgings & public buildings – provisions good, elegant, plenty & cheap -- & the most extensive libraries adapted to the use of public bodies, that are to be found on the Continent.’ Those libraries appealed to John Adams, who as vice president would be expected to be involved in the selection of a permanent capital. He told Benjamin Rush that “I love Philadelphia quite as well as New York, and the noble Libraries there [in Philadelphia] would be Strong temptation to me.” [footnotes omitted.]<br />
<br />
Around page 180 I was interested in the reference to Representative Elias Boudinot from New Jersey as he is another founder I have recently studied and written about in regard to his religious beliefs. Boudinot, earlier under the Continental Congress he was the second president of the Congress when the country only had officers of the Congress. We only had three of those presidents as I understand it. Boudinot told his wife in a letter that when they arrived in this “dirty city [New York City]” -- “The difference of the wholesome Country Air, from the Stench of the filthy Streets was so apparent, as to effect our smelling Faculties greatly.” My own visits to New York City from the 1960s to present day did not exhibit what Boudinot found upon his arrival, so the years have allowed New Yorkers to make appropriate improvements. <br />
<br />
I cite Boudinot for another reason at page 220 of Lubanski’s book where it is disclosed that Elias Boudinot was the chairman of the House Committee of the Whole when Madison was introducing the Bill of Rights in August. Someone raised the issue of whether the committee of the whole had to recommend the Amendments to the full House by a two-thirds vote. “The chairman, Elias Boudinot of New Jersey, ruled that a simple majority was sufficient, and his decision was upheld by a vote of the members.” [Footnotes omitted.]<br />
<br />
This book covers the complicated story of the adoption of the Bill of Rights from 40 or more amendments to the twelve submitted to the states by President Washington to the final ten amendments ratified and adopted as additions to the Constitution. There were complications throughout the debates over the amendments as to whether they would be incorporated into the Constitution or appended to the end of the document. We know now that the ten amendments were added to the end and the Supreme Court is still interpreting what the founders meant by each Amendment.<br />
<br />
You will not waste your time or money reading this story that can lead you to many other wonderful tales and happenstances about the Bill of Rights. If we let our children graduate from college, perhaps even high school, without knowing what is in this and similar books, we have to accept a degree of blame for letting them down.<br />
<br />
Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN: 13: 978-0-19-518105-0 and ISBN: 10: 0-19-518105-0<br />
<br />
William J. Skinner, Revised 9-3-2017Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-460669462359696202017-09-03T15:23:00.001-07:002017-09-03T15:23:18.367-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Understanding Trump</i> by Newt Gingrich<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Book Review by William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">F</span>irst,
this book gives the Newt Gingrich group’s insight into potential positive
changes in the way the executive department of U.S. government can be reformed
to better serve the people. These
improvements are primarily dependent on the GOP and President Donald J. Trump
(PDJT) working together. The book should
give hope to anyone who has doubts about whether these ideas will ever be
achieved. Readers can learn how PDJT thinks and works and it is not as scary as
some main stream media writers slant the outcomes using their creative
non-fiction rubrics.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Second,
the first draft was assigned to two writers and then Newt Gingrich began organizing
the book with his first-hand knowledge of the way candidate interacted with him
and others from meetings beginning in 2015.
The entire Trump family seems to have participated in proving data for the
Gingrich team. Gingrich and Callista became friends of PDJT and the Trump family. Eric Trump wrote a forward. Other family members are quoted or described
as having favorable input.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Gingrich
synthesizes the military’s OODA-loop method of working with Nassim Nicholas
Taleb’s description of IYI (Intellectual, But Idiot) in his book, <i>The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly
Improbable, </i>and a forthcoming book, <i>Skin
in the Game, </i>with Charles Murray’s ideas in his book, <i>Coming Apart: The State of White America, </i>with security expert
Dennis M. Gormley’s concept similar to IYI, with Phillip Howards’ legal
concepts of how to rewrite regulations in outcome terms rather than formulaic
instructions to follow into new ways of doing government business on Federal,
State and local levels.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
PDJT
is a businessman who follows the military principles of Observation, Orientation,
Decision on action, and Loop back to Observe again as a way to get things
done. Taleb’s essay will explain why
government is focused on following the ideas of very smart people who are
unable to accomplish results. Gormley
talks about the difference between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge about
the threat of proliferation and development of land-attack cruise missiles
abroad. All of these ideas strengthen
Gingrich’s ideas of how PDJT and the GOP can succeed in improving government performance. Ideas from others are incorporated as well.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
book contains three parts with a total of 15 chapters. Two of the chapters lean on Gingrich’s back
and forth written discussions with Allen C. Guelzo, the Lincoln scholar at
Gettysburg, who tells Gingrich that the challenges faced by PDJT are similar to
those faced by Lincoln. For example,
when Lincoln was elected the southern states newspapers were writing about
destruction of the Republican Party and resistance to Lincoln’s government.
Gingrich writes, “Today’s Left resembles Charlestonians about to secede in
defense of slavery.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Part
Three of the book contains six chapters each discussing how PDJT and the GOP
can Make America Great Again. Gingrich
writes about a “Four-Box Model for the Trump Agenda” in much detail which
either means PDJT has not heard Gingrich out in their one-on-one discussions or
Gingrich wants to recruit more of us to help him convince PDJT and the GOP to
get with the program. Either way, if you
do not read the book, and you favor changes, you will be on the sidelines. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
Safety Box is about safety at home, the border, outlaw cities, safety abroad,
restoring America’s reputation, reviving the military, and eliminating radical
Islam. Gingrich says PDJT has a great
team put in place to accomplish these goals.
The American Competitive Box is about tax cuts for business, how a
border adjustment tax will help create jobs, eliminating the capital gains tax,
repatriation of US money hiding in foreign countries, cutting the income tax,
regulations, jobs, training and
education, immigration, and competing for the future. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
Health Box is about incorporation new scientific discoveries into health care
more quickly than we do now, but he cautions that passing laws for a new way to
do health care will take three and a half years of Congressional hearings,
speeches, rallying the public by PDJT, committee votes and a conference
committee to put the parts together.
There are three main Strategies set forth here. One focus is changing
topic from reforming health insurance to reforming health care. This chapter
must be read now so you can discuss it with your members of Congress. As a former Speaker of the House, Gingrich
knows more than the IYIs on this subject.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
Making-Government-Work Box says the “ahead of schedule, under budget” plan can
work if we do the Federal changes with the same determination as Wisconsin and
Governor Scott Walker did to change the laws in that state. Issues include government performance,
unaccountable bureaucrats, and balancing the budget.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Once
we change the Federal laws and see improvement, we have to push the same
winning ideas to the states and local communities. Bold, big and wonderful is how I would
describe the plans Gingrich tells us about.
He says Republicans have government cornered in at least ten states, so
they are turning out some successes already.
Gingrich sets forth 23 guiding principles showing how these will box in
the left more. As people rethink modern
government and society, more principles will be adopted. Then Gingrich lists 35 separate projects we
can all work on to make the changes we want.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
PDJT
is an extraordinary figure to Gingrich who says that as the president learns
more and more about the problems he will begin to solve them. Maybe Gingrich is getting big consultant fees
for saying all these nice things about PDJT.
If he is, I hope he charged enough, because there are many good ideas in
this book. Part of our problem will be
to elect members of the House and Senate who will be smart enough to read and
study the ideas in this book. Some
members of Congress seem satisfied to have arrived in the District of Columbia
and never plan to leave. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
Trump speeches should be read again to see how they fit together. Gingrich complements Steven Miller and a
couple of the campaign speech writers now working in the White House for their
good work. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Every
book, no matter how many people work on it, will have a flaw. I only found one in this book. In a listing of early US presidents, the book
lists Franklin. This is new information
to me. If you read the book tell me
where you found this listing and I will know you are a careful reader.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">William J. Skinner, September 3, 2017 </span>Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-53961494407814983582017-04-04T12:48:00.000-07:002017-04-04T12:48:05.189-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">PROPOSED ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">TO QUALIFY FOR TAXPAYER ASSISTANCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">FOR HEALTH CARE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">By William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">A</span></b>lmost everyone knows healthcare cannot be
provided for free; but many people assume or believe healthcare is their
right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many people are being pulled in
this little red wagon and fewer people are making the payments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile politicians promise to take more
from wage earners and pass it along to others who will not work or are
unqualified for available jobs to get votes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Americans are a generous people, but there are limits.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Can we get
more folks to participate in controlling the need for healthcare?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chronic diseases are very often caused by
lifestyle choices – over eating, drinking unhealthy beverages, eating the wrong
foods, and failure to exercise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Generally
taking good care of oneself would be a good start to health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Good health is ignored by not washing the
produce before eating it, neglecting to wash hands, and not knowing how to
recognize common medical conditions or symptoms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medical costs are driven up by going to the
emergency room (ER) to get colds, sore throats, cuts, bruises and rashes
treated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And because we over exercise
our petition rights too much to make laws, Americans now need help at the ER
for over eating marijuana cookies.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Not all
people ignore practicing good habits to stay healthy, but many do not know what
to do and let their personal health situation get out of control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This ends up costing other people – the
taxpayers – an ever increasing amount of out of control tax increases. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We have
now, in 2017, had seven years of experience in trying to pay for health
insurance for 40 million uninsured plus millions of illegal immigrants with the
Affordable Care Act or Obamacare. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
plan was passed because of the “stupidity” of American voters according to
Obamacare expert MIT professor Gruber.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ACA has proven to be unsuccessful in
getting young healthy people to pay for the care of old, sick people and
others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The threat
of fines and taxes did not convince enough people to pay the premiums for ACA-
defined “universal” insurance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Deductibles went up, the insurance exchanges were abandoned by profit
losing insurance companies and the ACA proved it was poorly planned to be
sustainable. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We have
more recently had a hard time determining what to do to get support for a new
American Health Care Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know the
structure of ACA will not work, but so far we insist on reproducing a lite
version of ACA under another name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One of our
problems is we do not have all of the people with skin in the game or a dog in
the hunt, as politicians say.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If it is
not too late to get our elected representatives to address this critical
factor, we could still get more people in the fight to bring down health care
costs. We need to try to achieve the attention of every American, young and
old, in the next plan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How can we do
that?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Start by thinking outside of the
traditional box and use our human resources is one way to describe our
solutions to this effort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those who have
read Alexis de To<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">cqueville may
remember he wrote: “The</span> health of a democratic society may be measured
by the quality of functions performed by private citizens.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not say by government run health
programs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Use the Education Techniques and Resources of Voluntary Associations<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Youth Organizations<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some of the
most obvious providers of health education are youth organizations and disease
organizations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the area of youth, for
example, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) incorporates first aid and health
education throughout its program for boys from ages six to 18 and beyond. Each rank
advancement has some health component as a requirement for an award.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are specific individual requirements,
like using a tourniquet, and there are groups of issues combined in Merit
Badges for many areas, like First Aid, Emergency Preparedness, Personal Fitness,
and many others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Special
provisions will be needed for those who prove to be too lazy or adamant about
doing nothing to improve their personal situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some will be mentally or physically challenged
and will not be able to participate in such programs, but this is a small
number that most Americans will be ready to help because of their
situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waivers or equivalent
certifications can be granted by government bureaucrats after the standards are
written into law and regulations are properly promulgated using the Administrative
Procedures Act to allow the population to learn about the program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the basic idea is that if you have not
earned First Aid Merit Badge or the equivalent, you cannot get ER soap and
water with bandages applied.<o:p></o:p><br />
<o:p> </o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is not
a time for government to start dictating how voluntary youth organizations should
operate, but only a time for government to get some assistance from what
Americans have always done – they help each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is not a time to assign the task to
government run schools and throw money at the problem so that politicians can
have something else to control. America for several years has been spending more and more on
government/union schools and its students are fast losing rankings in educational
levels among other nations of the world. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was
personally involved in the BSA from 1948 through 2014 – a period of 66 years
and the only time I was paid was the few weeks I worked on a camp staff during
three summers in my high school and college years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thousands of volunteers would be willing to
gear up to help other youth and adults learn what they need to know to improve their
health care.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Girl
Scouts, 4H Clubs, Campfire, some youth organizations sponsored by religious
groups like YMCAs, and a variety of charitable youth organizations could be
interested in becoming involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Disease and Disaster Associations<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
American Heart Association does a great job teaching adults and youth about cardio
pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), they even do it with an online program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AHA has an instructor program already in
operation and could take on larger groups that need such training.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><strong><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;">AHA is a leader in resuscitation science, education, and training, and
publisher of the official AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More than 10 types of instructional programs
are offered, and many of these would be useful for affected individuals and
families to learn about.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<strong><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Specific
disease associations that specialize in diabetes, lungs, kidneys, cancer, feet,
skin, and you name it often have educational programs for professionals, family
members and individuals. Use their programs to help educate patients and
families how to care for their illnesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some of these voluntary associations have magazines offering advice and
information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These groups could develop
certification programs to qualify for eligibility for taxpayer funded health
care.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<strong><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong><strong><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
American Red Cross offers courses for instructors and individuals in five basic
areas:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
FIRST AID & CPR/AED, AQUATICS, CAREGIVING, PREPAREDNESS,
and AP/LTP.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The AP/LTP
area has training with specific courses on Aquatics, Blood borne Pathogens
Training / Babysitter’s Training, Professional Rescuers and Healthcare
Providers, Responding to Emergencies, Lay Responder and Wilderness and Remote
First Aid / Preparedness. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some
disease foundations have set up patient support web sites that can be used to
reduce patient costs on government funds, e.g. taxpayer funds. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Underused Health Professionals</i></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pharmacists
should be consulted for advice about the use of prescription drugs, vaccines,
drug interactions and side effects, over the counter drugs, health resources,
and devices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If pharmacists were
reimbursed for their time, patients would learn more about their health needs
from this easy to reach professional resource in every American town.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many
patient disease-related support groups have participating social workers,
physical therapists, and other health professionals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and
movement disorders, weight management and other conditions often have support
groups available to orient patients and family care givers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">What To Do Now<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Everyone receiving taxpayer funded healthcare should
be encouraged to participate in these various volunteer certification programs
to show they understand what they can do to help themselves. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let your state and federal legislators know
how you feel about this general idea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Urge them to consider it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Think about
how these kind of programs could help you with your health care or that of a
family member or friend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let us work
together to solve these problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Do not
give up and just ride in the little red wagon.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">4/4/2017</span>Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-74327534699353930562017-03-02T09:19:00.000-08:002017-03-02T09:19:56.627-08:00Sanctuary Leaders May Be Term Limited<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sanctuary
Leaders May Be Term Limited<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nbeknownst to some
mayors, city and county officials and governors, they may be prohibited from
running for any other office because of their promotion of sanctuary cities,
counties and states. Apparently they
have not read Section 3 of the 14<sup>th</sup> Amendment to the U. S.
Constitution stated below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Section 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military,
under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an
oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member
of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state,
to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the
enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove
such disability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">It would appear that more than 300 sanctuary movement leaders
who are elected officials could be kept off the ballot for another office, by
asking them for a copy of their Congressional waiver of disability. Citizens could accuse these people of
insurrection or rebellion against the United States for failure to obey the
immigration laws. They may be required
to produce their waiver from Congress to election officials before they are
allowed to run for another office.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> Section 3 is generally not thought of when the 14<sup>th</sup>
Amendment is discussed, but it is still part of the Constitution and will be
subject to little court interpretation. This
was not a partisan bill passed by a bare majority. This is an amendment to the United States
Constitution passed by two thirds of both the House and Senate and ratified by three fourths of the states on
July 9, 1868. Who will be the first person to challenge Section 3 as not being
constitutional?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">For more information on
election law get my book:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SOUTH FLORIDA ELECTION LAW
HANDBOOK:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How Voters Can Prevent Election Fraud and Make
Elections Fair</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
Lake Worth, FL<br />BillSkinnerLW@aol.com<br />
http://bill-skinner.blogspot.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-72819051905509891472016-06-08T09:21:00.000-07:002017-04-05T08:40:55.397-07:00TIME LINES OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TIME LINES OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM:</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How Much Time Do We Have Left for the United States of
America ?</span></i></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By William J. Skinner</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ncient books
and documents contain some surprising information. Scholars in languages,
archeology, history of war, religion, and other areas have studied these old
sources for many years. Recently I read several books and viewed some
college level and advanced lectures on early Christianity and early
Islam. For over 40 years I have read about Biblical archeology and
history.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a> </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This article
is an attempt to boil these topics down to the essentials, to get everyone up
to speed, because I have become convinced now more than ever that we in the USA
could lose everything if certain newly laid plans of Islamic leaders are
carried out as the Muslim Brotherhood has desired for several decades.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anyone who
says Islam is a religion of peace is ignorant of the facts of life and
death. Islam started as a deceitful massacre of Jews (the “Reds”)
and a tribe of Arabs (the “Blacks”) at the first <i>hijra</i> under the
leadership of Mohammad to Medina. Those Blacks who helped the
multiple-year takeover of Medina were the next to be disposed of by Mohammad
who consolidated his gains with the property of the Jews and other opponents
and their successors.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
expansion of land and people under the control of Islam is the purpose of
Islam. Preaching love to these people does no good because their system
teaches them to take generations needed to achieve their goals. Islam
teaches to take the easy way and lie, but stay away in enclaves until the
Muslims can overwhelm the current occupants of a village, town, county or
state.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Islam
ideology grows because some future disturbed or disgruntled grandson or great,
great grandson will learn he has not followed the plan and then try to carry it
out. Some call this “self-radicalization.” This and other techniques and
strategies have kept alive the sinister flame of Mohammad since 618 CE. A
small (139 pages) reference for more details about the <i>hijra </i>is
perpetuated can be found in <i>Modern Day Trojan Horse: The Islamic Doctrine of
Immigration, accepting Freedom or Imposing Islam</i>? by Sam Solomon and E Al
Maqdisi<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2">[2]</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We can see
that in the Sudan and Nigeria, for instance, during that past 20 years, the
Islamists are organized primarily at the culture level of tribes (if they want
to have more children for the next few battles, they go kidnap 300 school girls
and rape them) and they want us to all to experience the 600 CE lifestyle under
their leadership. Never mind that the president of the Sudan was indicted
for war crimes by the World Court but still enjoys unrestricted travel to and from
other countries.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the
United States we are witnessing the first president who promised to transform
the country into something other than what it was at the founding and other
than what it was in 2008. A growing number of Americans suspect that we are
witnessing a political ideology in the Obama Administration that is directed to
support more than equal treatment for Islam than it does for Western or Eastern
religions. But our Congress seems powerless to do anything about this
favoritism.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many groups
have compiled lists of dozens of official acts of the Obama Administration that
somehow benefit the advance of Islam while making it more difficult for the
American defense forces to stop ISIL or to stop other related tyrannical
Islamo-facists in their quest for power. The U.S. is allowing or actively
importing immigrant refuges, some of which have backgrounds that cannot be
vetted. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lawyers for
the U.S. Justice Department are lying to a Federal Judge about actions taken by
the current Administration to waive deportation and grant work permits.
All of the above concerns are troublesome, but another major change is
occurring under our noses. The Muslim population is growing by leaps and
bounds with the support of the taxpayers.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslims men
are obtaining various welfare payments to help them maintain four wives and
they are producing lots of children. For many years I have been active in
civic and political associations. A Muslim man followed me as president
of one civic association. We became friendly. He told me that one
day Muslim will have produced more votes that the regular Americans and Muslims
would take over all elected positions. The longer I live, the more this
prediction looks like it might come true.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pew Research<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3">[3]</a> says:</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The world’s
Muslim population is expected to increase by about 35% in the next 20 years,
rising from 1.6 billion in 2010 to 2.2 billion by 2030, according to new
population projections by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion &
Public Life.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Globally,
the Muslim population is forecast to grow at about twice the rate of the
non-Muslim population over the next two decades – an average annual growth rate
of 1.5% for Muslims, compared with 0.7% for non-Muslims. If current trends
continue, Muslims will make up 26.4% of the world’s total projected population
of 8.3 billion in 2030, up from 23.4% of the estimated 2010 world population of
6.9 billion.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Either way,
these factors make a conquest more probable than just possible. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Timeline
Background</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christianity</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Christian
Church started slowly in about 30 to 34 CE (for Common Era for nonbelievers) or
AD (<i>Anno. Domini)</i> upon the death and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth,
son of Joseph and Mary, of the New Testament. Jesus started his ministry
of about three years duration with John the Baptist in the area of Galilee at
the age of about 30. Jesus did not leave writings.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biblical
scholars say that Saul of Tarsus, an educated Jew and prosecutor of Christians,
became converted as a Jesus follower during a trip to round up Jesus adherents
for prosecution. Saul had a vision and discussion with Jesus and was
diverted to Damascus to restore his sight. This event happened about two years
after the resurrection of Jesus. Saul became Paul the Apostle and later
wrote the first book of what is now the New Testament, epistle to the First
Thessalonians, in 50 CE. For later writings see </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paul wrote many letters in the New Testament and there
are other documents attributed to Paul or his small group. All the works that
eventually became incorporated into the New Testament are believed to have been
written no later than around 150 AD, and a small minority of scholars would date
them to no later than 70 AD, 80 AD, or at 96 AD [footnotes omitted.] See </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christians also relied on the Old Testament Torah, the
Prophets and other early writings of the Jews attributed to Moses that predated
the New Testament. Prof. Bart D. Ehrman of the University of North
Carolina says that Christianity was both missionary and exclusivistic.
That is, early Christians promoted Christianity and they believed this was the
only true religion. But there were several competing theologies that
occupied leaders of different Christian churches in separate places.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christianity
struggled under several theological banners for about 367 years until Bishop
Athanasius of Alexandria put forth a letter setting forth a list of the books
found acceptable for the cannon of the New Testament.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The history
of the early Christian Church was not written until Eusebius, the Bishop of
Caesarea, described many events in ten small books, now combined in a modern
English translation, <i>Eusebius The Church History<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4"><b>[4]</b></a>
</i> by Paul L. Maier, covering the period from the crucifixion and
resurrection up to 324 CE. Maier describes the Christian relationship
with the Roman Empire and other detractors, and writes about “internal attacks
by renegade religionists who tried to seduce the saints through arcane
distortions of doctrine or coral them into schismatic groups that foreshadowed
contemporary cults.” Maier at 9.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam
started small and grew fast. Mohammad (spellings vary) was born about 570
CE and died in 632 CE. The beginning of the movement to Medina from
Mecca, called the <i>hijra, </i>was in 618 CE. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uthman ibn
Affan ordered the writing of a standard version of the <i>Qu’ran </i>book for
Islam in 650 to 656 CE. This was done because pockets of Islamic
settlements relied on different parts of the writings. Mohammad claimed
that the angel Gabriel appeared to him in visions over many years and the
Qu’ran was made up of these various writings and assembled in different
orders. Some of these writings were made before, during and after the <i>hijra.</i></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the
second Caliphate, Umar I, between 633 and 643 CE, conquered the Levant, Eqypt,
Cyrenka, Tripoliania, Ferran, and Eastern Anatolia. In a few more years,
Islam became the dominant political power in Spain, Italy, Gaul, the Greek
coasts and islands. Christians served in the Muslim navy to defeat the
Byzantine navy in the Battle of Masts in 655 CE. The Islamic State
expanded using war power and fear. This kind of expansion continued
until the turn of the millennium when the Christian Pope began recruiting
fighters to counteract the Muslim gains.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam was both missionary and exclusivistic.
They promoted Islam and they believed Allah was the only true God.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the chapter on Lessons from Muhammad’s Migration
Migration<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref5">[5]</a>, Solomon and Maqdisi described how
“migration is ultimately a conquest and not a migration,” writing:</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To understand the point of ‘conquest’ as opposed to
‘migration’ please refer to: “<i>The Islamisation of Britian and what must be
done to prevent it </i>by Colin Dye (Pilcrow Press Report September 2007). This
report gives practical example of how Muslims have implemented the principles
of <i>tamkeen </i>and <i>I’dad</i> in the conquest of the U.K. with gradual
progression towards the establishment of an Islamic supremacy, while the host
society has remained unaware and all the time thinking that requests have only
been for a few religious and cultural needs. In a democratic society the types
of requests are seen as valid and legitimate and are ultimately granted.”</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Religions are All the Same</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A primary question this topic should confront head on is
the argument that all religions are the same. Christianity fits the definition
of a religion, but Islam is different because it has multiple goals. Down
deep can one answer the question, “Are Allah and Jesus the Same God?”</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is a question that is raised again and again by some
of the reference books appended to this article. The debate is sometimes
like the debate about how many angels can fit on the head of a pin. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My reading has convinced me that Allah is much different
than Jesus. My conclusion is to have faith in Jesus. Muslims may
argue immediately by pointing out a counter argument that the calligraphy on
the Dome of the Rock<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref6">[6]</a> states: “God has no Son” among
other things<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7">[7]</a> The sameness argument continues
that if a Christian cannot read the language of the Muslims, they cannot
possibly understand Islam. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The same God argument recently appeared in the <i>Wall
Street Journal </i>in 2016 in an article by Stephen Prothero, professor of
religion at Boston University. He summarized:</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Islam and Christianity both affirm that there is one
God, creator and judge, who speaks through prophets, whose words are written
down in scripture. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Still, there are not two paths up the same
mountain. Christians do not believe in the divine inspiration of the
Quran. Muslims do not believe that Jesus is an incarnation of God.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8">[8]</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Everyone is not on the same page. Malaysia is one
of the largest Muslim countries. The Islamisation of Mayalsia started 42 years
after the death of Mohammad.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref9">[9]</a> The <i>Wall Street
Journal </i>reported<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref10">[10]</a> in 2013 that “worries
over the religious freedoms of minorities in Muslim-majority Malaysia are
growing after Malaysia’s appeals court ruled … that a Roman Catholic
publication can’t use the term ‘Allah’ to refer to the Christian God, despite
the widespread use among Malay-speaking Christians.” </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The three-judge panel ruled “to allow the Herald
newspaper to use the word “Allah” would have been unconstitutional, said Haniff
Khatri Abdulla, one of the lawyers of the six Islamic State Councils that
oppose the use of the word by non-Muslims.”</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Summary of Time Lines</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christianity was founded first. Jesus worked with
12 disciples, 70 special followers and 500 others to spread his messages for
about three years. Jesus was crucified on a cross by the Romans after
instigation by some of the Jews in Jerusalem. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paul directed his attention to the gentiles around the Mediterranean
Sea. The New Testament was written by many people who were said to be inspired
by the Holy Spirit. Christianity is a religion of faith, hope, and love. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When asked by a lawyer, the Jesus summarized the greatest
commandments this way:</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matthew
22:35-40 New International Version (NIV)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref11">[11]</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sup><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35 </span></sup><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of them, an expert in the
law, tested him with this question: <sup>36 </sup>“Teacher, which is the
greatest commandment in the Law?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sup><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37 </span></sup><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jesus replied: “‘Love the
Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your
mind.’<sup>[</sup><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22:35-40&version=NIV#fen-NIV-23910a" title="See footnote a"><sup><span style="color: blue;">a</span></sup></a><sup>]</sup>
<sup>38 </sup>This is the first and greatest commandment. <sup>39 </sup>And
the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’<sup>[</sup><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22:35-40&version=NIV#fen-NIV-23912b" title="See footnote b"><sup><span style="color: blue;">b</span></sup></a><sup>]</sup>
<sup>40 </sup>All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two
commandments.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Footnotes: </span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22:35-40&version=NIV#en-NIV-23910" title="Go to Matthew 22:37"><span style="color: blue;">Matthew 22:37</span></a>
Deut. 6:5 <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22:35-40&version=NIV#en-NIV-23912" title="Go to Matthew 22:39"><span style="color: blue;">Matthew 22:39</span></a>
Lev. 19:18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/New-International-Version-NIV-Bible/"><b><span style="color: blue;">New International Version</span></b></a><b> (NIV)</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holy Bible, New International
Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by <a href="http://www.biblica.com/"><span style="color: blue;">Biblica, Inc.®</span></a>
Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christianity does not advocate killing wars against
others to expand the faith, but it does accept the duty and responsibility to
protect vulnerable people from cruelty and acts of terror.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam was
founded about 300 years after the New Testament contents was settled. Mohammad
fought battles against other countries to subdue tribes and cities to control
more territory and make slaves for Islam. Mohammad died in 632 CE
and was succeeded by several Califs, some who died killing off one
another. Thus, Islam is a system of political power that uses
terror and fear to grow. Islam is not what Americans and other Westerners
think of as a religion. Establishing Shariah Law will wipe out citizens’
right under the U.S. Constitution and leave all questions for Islamic courts of
so-called experts.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These two competing organizations each have founders,
doctrines and books, but they have wholly different purposes. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both are missionary and exclusivistic. But look
again at the timelines. What else happened in the 300 year gap? </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Christians and Jews in the First Six
Centuries" is the title of a chapter written by James H. Charlesworth, now
a professor at Princeton, in a composite review by nine authors. It
describes how the early Christians and Jews were together on many issues and
how and why they moved apart in their religious practices. <i>Christianity
and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development</i>,
2nd Ed. ISBN: 978-1-935335-52-8. (2011) Biblical Archeology Society.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Was Islam patterned on Christianity with a left-hand
twist? Does history tell the truth?</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My answer to the question in the title of this article is
Americans have as little as 30 years if we do nothing and as many as thousands
of years if they become educated and follow established moral and governmental
principles as the Founders did in the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup> century.
Keeping a Republic where personal rights matter requires better educated
voters than we have on </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">June 8, 2016 when this article was posted here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[On March
31, 2017, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wall Street Journal </i>at
A2 reported on the Congressional Budget Office annual report on long term
federal spending.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CBO said the federal
debt has doubled since 2008 to about 77 percent of gross domestic product and
this would reach 150 percent of GDP in 2047 – thirty years from now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means this financial factor will culminate
at about the same time as the growth of the world Muslim population and the
growth of the number of Muslims in the United States reaches the voting factor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turning back ruinous spending will require
the current government to clamp down on spending starting soon.]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read the
books listed below and learn more.</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<i><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another
small book that gives points of view on this subject.</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: #111111; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Next Nightmare: How Political Correctness Will Destroy
America by Peter Feaman, Dunham Books, 2012, Amazon.com</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other Books on Muslim Terrorism </span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read By William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Winter 2003- Summer 2004 Year<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terror in the Name of God,
Jessica Stern, Harper Collins, 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persecution,
David Limbaugh, Regnery, 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ghost
Wars, Steve Coll, Penguin Press, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Holy
War, Peter Bergan, Free Press, 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American
Jihad, Steven Emerson, Free Press, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">American
Dynasty, Kevin Phillips, Viking, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Islamic Threat, John Esposito, Oxford, 1999<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unholy
War: Terrorism in the Name of Islam, John Esposito, Oxford, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What’s
Right With Islam, Feisal Abdul Rauf, Harper, SF 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Preachers
of Hate, Kenneth Timmerman, Crown Forum, 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9/11
Commission Report, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fall
2004 to Winter 2005</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Intelligence
Matters: The CIA, Bob Graham, Random House, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Against All Enemies:
Inside America’s War On Terror, Richard Clarke, Free Press 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shadow War: The Untold Story
of How Bush is Winning the War on Terror, Richard Miniter, Regnery
Publishing, Inc. 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Islamic Invasion:
Confronting the World’s Fastest Growing Religion, Robert Morey, Harvest
House Publishers, 1992<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam &
Christianity: The Koran vs. The Bible, A comparison of the Christian
Scriptures with the Teachings of Muhammad, Diane S. Dew, 2001, <a href="http://dianedew.com/islam.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://dianedew.com/islam.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Countdown to Crisis: The
Coming Nuclear Showdown with Iran, Kenneth R. Timmerman, Crown Forum,
2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Who Is This Allah, G.J. O.
Moshay, Dorchester House Publications, 1994<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam in the Crucible: Can It
Pass The Test?, Riccoldo da Montecroce & Martin Luther, Trans. By
Thomas C. Pfotenhauer, Lutheran News, Inc., 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is the Father of Jesus the
God of Muhammad? Timothy George, Ph.D., founding dean of Beeson Divinity
School at Samford University and an executive editor at <i>Christianity Today</i>,
Zondervan, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The World of Byzantium,
Prof. Kenneth W. Harl, Tulane University, 24 lectures, The Teaching Company,
2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Life and Religion of
Mohammed: The Prophet of Arabia, Rev. J. L. Menezes, Roman Catholic Books,
originally published 1912 (no copyright notice in this edition)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More Than A Prophet: An
Insider’s Response to Muslim Beliefs About Jesus & Christianity, Emir
Fethi Caner and Ergun Mehmet Caner, Kregel Publications, 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Quranic Treasures,
Khurram Murad, The Islamic Foundation, 1997<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What Every Christian Should
Know About ISLAM, Ruqaiyyah Maris Maqsood, The Islamic Foundation, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fall
and Winter 2006 </span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blood from Stones: The Secret
Financial Network of Terror, Douglas Farah, Broadway Books, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Truth About Muhammad:
Founder of the World’s Most Intolerant Religion, Robert Spencer, Regnery, 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Religion of Peace?
Islam’s War Against The World, Gregory M. Spencer, World Ahead Publishing,
2006 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spring
and Summer 2007</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Feaman, Peter, Wake Up,
America!, Woodmont Publishers, Inc., 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answering Islam: Countering
Terror with Truth, Nadira, Wahlid Phares, James White & Robert Reymond,
Coral Ridge Ministries, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fall
and Winter 2007</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Fight for Jerusalem:
Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City, Dore Gold,
Regenry Publishing, Inc. 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Enemy at Home: The
Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11, Dinesh D’Souza, Doubleday, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Honor Killing, Kenneth R.
Timmerman, Middle-East Data Project, Inc, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Winter
2009</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Mystery of Islam: A
Christian Perspective, Gene Little, Crown of Life Ministries, 2003, 332 pp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Founders on Religion: A
Book of Quotations, James H. Hutson, Ed., Princeton Univ, Press, 2005,
244 pp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Winter
2012-2013</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">St. Peter’s Bones, Kenneth R.
Timmerman, Caseopia Press, 2011, 266 pp and annex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN: 978-0-9797229-1-2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spring
2015</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shariah: The Threat to
America – An Exercise in Competitive Analysis, Report of Team B II, Center for
Security Policy, 2010, ISBN 978-0-9822947, 351 pp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Secure Freedom Strategy:
A Plan for Victory Over the Global Jihad Movement, The Tiger Team, Center for
Security Policy, January 16, 2015, <a href="http://www.securefreedom.org/"><span style="color: blue;">www.securefreedom.org</span></a>. In March 2015 this was
available on <a href="http://www.amazon.com/"><span style="color: blue;">www.amazon.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refugee Resettlement and the
Hijra to America. Ann Corcoran, Center for Security Policy, March 30,
2015, 78 pages, this is available on <a href="http://www.amazon.com/"><span style="color: blue;">www.amazon.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Biblical Archeology Review, Biblical Archeology Society, Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
ANM Publishers, Charlottesville, VA, ISBN: 978—0-9794929-5-2, 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn3"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn4"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI. 1999, ISBN 0-8254-3328-2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn5"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Footnote 2, <i>Ibid</i>, p. 73<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn6"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dome of the Rock is a shrine
located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially
completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the
Second Fitna. The Dome of the Rock is now one of the oldest works of Islamic
architecture. It has been called "Jerusalem's most recognizable
landmark," and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with two nearby
Temple Mount structures, the Western Wall, and the "Resurrection
Rotunda" in the nearby Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Its architecture and
mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces. The
octagonal plan of the structure may also have been influenced by the Byzantine
Church of the Seat of Mary built between 451 and 458 on the road between
Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
http://www.bing.com/search?q=dome+of+the+rock&form=PRUSEN&pc=EUPP_UE07&mkt=en-us&refig=a7f35ebd7a524ff5b78cd272e749269f&pq=doe+of+the+rock&sc=8-15&sp=-1&qs=n&sk=&cvid=a7f35ebd7a524ff5b78cd272e749269f</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn7"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[7]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
inscriptions on the Dome - with a great amount of repetition - are quotations
from the Quran that attest to the unity and supremacy of Allah and repeatedly
attack the concept of the Trinity of Christianity. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These inscriptions are seven hundred and thirty four feet
long in all, amongst the lengthiest inscriptions in the world. In fact it acts
as an important item of propaganda - both politically and theologically - for
the newly formed Arab/Muhammadan polity. It declares the supremacy of 'Islam'
over that of its rival Christianity. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://inthenameofallah.org/Dome%20of%20the%20Rock.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn8"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[8]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<i>WSJ, </i>January 8, 2016, p A9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn9"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
ANM Publishers, Charlottesville, VA, ISBN: 978—0-9794929-5-2, 2009 at p 86.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn10"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<i>WSJ, </i>October 15, 2013, p A13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn11"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[11]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"></span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+22:35-40&version=NIV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revised March 29, 2017 and April 5, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-75979095525991755272015-06-26T12:26:00.001-07:002015-06-26T12:26:06.577-07:00TIPPING POINT IS REACHED<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">TIPPING POINT IS
REACHED<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">By William J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">he Supreme Court of the United
States issued two blows to American traditional values this week with the
weasel-worded opinion upholding the Obamacare Act (a/k/a ScoutusCare or
RobertsCare) for the second time in 2 years.
Second, the Supreme Court found laws preventing gay marriage
unconstitutional, causing many traditional American families more grief.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Who will want to trust the Supreme Court in
the future to interpret laws based on the wording of the laws written by state
legislatures and the Congress?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> The necessity to ask the Supreme Court for
these rulings was based on the inept legal draftsmanship that resulted in
monstrous bills that members of legislative bodies had no time to read,
reconcile, and redraft. These laws were
made for the convenience of special interest groups representing small
minorities of the population who wanted what they wanted. The members of legislative bodies got paid with
votes and contributions. The good of the
country suffered. Everyone knows the
Congress has been in disrepute for years with low approval ratings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Who will want to trust the Congress and some
state legislatures in the future?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> During the past six and a half years, the
President has expanded the regulations and laws with the help of the growing
bureaucracy and his pen and telephone.
In the case of IRS, EPA and immigration law and regulations, even the
Congress has lost trust in the President because he has taken over the job of
writing laws. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> All three branches of the US government can
no longer be trusted. What do we
do? What can we do at this tipping
point?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Consider that the Republicans do not hold
the Presidency, the Republicans in the Senate do not have the 70 plus members
to control the voting and override vetoes, and the House Republicans are not
united even though they have a majority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> If you have the ability to look ahead a few
years, you can probably see that Republicans will have a tough time reaching
those levels of power to make sure laws are changed for the better. But we should give another try in 2016 to
reach for those goals. This could be our
last chance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> At the same time, we need to buttress our election
efforts by supporting the Convention of the States to set an agenda for writing
proposed amendments to the US Constitution.
If general agreement can be made on worthwhile amendments, then each
state can adopt them, and if enough states agree, these will be sent back to
“We the People” to be ratified. This
will take a few years, but we can straighten out some flaws and improve some of
the recent actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Please do not get riled up about a
Convention turning wild and changing everything. Going wild would require too many agreements
for that to happen. Look at Article V of
the US Constitution and think this through.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> In summary, we can do two things. 1) Let us give one more try to get elect a
Republican President and enough Republican members of the Senate and House to
do what has to be done; and 2) Get moving on a Convention of the States. Please become involved in these efforts to
save our country for future generations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> June 26, 2015 Contact me for more information at BillSkinnerLW@aol.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-65815189221405036772014-12-16T11:17:00.000-08:002014-12-16T11:17:33.387-08:00<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>JAMES MADISON and the
Struggle for the Bill of Rights<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>By Richard E. Labunski,
History Prof. at the University of Kentucky<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Summary for Bill of
Rights Anniversary, December 15, 2014<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">J</span>ames Madison guided the
Constitution preparation process, convincing certain key members of the
Convention to participate, namely, Adams and Washington. Madison had help from others.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
The Philadelphia Convention was held in the
summer of 1787 in Philadelphia, finishing a draft made public in <i>The Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser
</i>on September 19, 1787. Washington was been selected to chair the sessions,
but only spoke twice during the summer, although he guided the process in
private conversations. Next came the
ratification process.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Madison did not want a Bill of Rights
primarily because the enumerated powers doctrine was so clear to him that he
was initially not concerned with the Federal government doing things that were
not listed in writing. But many other
people wanted an enumerated list of individual rights in the Constitution. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton
began writing the <i>Federalist Papers.</i> They were in New York attending the Congress
and these papers were intended to persuade New Yorkers to vote for ratification of the Constitution. Madison received letters from friends in
Virginia that indicated ratification was in trouble in Virginia, so Madison
went home.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Madison knew it would not be enough for the Constitution to be ratified
by only nine states. New York and Virginia contained almost one third of the
residents of the country. George Mason was against the Constitution even though
he served as a member of the Convention that wrote it. If Virginia did not ratify then no Virginian
would be eligible for election to the Federal offices. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
In those days the vote for delegate to
conventions and state office were conducted by the County Sheriffs in
Virginia. At the time of the election,
the electors came to the voting place, rose and announced who they voted for
and when the Sheriff closed the election, the winner was announced. Closing time was at the discretion of the
Sheriff. There was no room for voter fraud with such transparency.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
From all of the arguments, Madison came to
the view that the ratification should not come about without a Bill of
Rights. Thomas Jefferson, who was
minister to France, was in Paris and wrote several people about adopting the
Bill of Rights as part of ratification.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
The arguments continued and a second constitutional
convention was considered by Virginians. After the passage of eight months from
the adoption of the Constitution eight states had already ratified and only one
more was needed while Virginia was arguing about what to do. Madison became neutral on the Bill of Rights
and had not understood why there was so much opposition without an enumeration
of rights of citizens and states until he heard these arguments.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
The Virginia convention convened June 2,
1788. After rejecting one amendment, the Virginia Convention adopted 89 to 79 a
motion with amendments recommended but not required, as a condition of
Virginia’s assent to ratification on June 25.
A few days later the George Wythe Committee submitted 40 proposed
amendments and the delegates approved the report without recording the vote. So Virginia became the ninth state to ratify
the Constitution. The new government was
formed. Everyone involved was called to
New York.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Now what about the Bill of Rights? <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
The new House got a quorum on April 1,
1789. Finally the Senate was organized.
The House allowed visitors. The Senate
did not. Madison spent time assisting
Washington establish the functioning departments of government. He was
described as “prime minister.”
Washington’s inaugural speech gave deference to the House and Senate on
amendments to the Constitution on April 30.
On May 4, 1789 Madison made a short speech in the House putting the
members on notice that on the fourth Monday of the month, he would introduce his
package of amendments.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
On May 25, 1789, a scheduled discussion of
the amendments was postponed because of other business. Madison could wait no longer. On June 8,
Madison began a discussion at length. Three other members, one from Georgia and
two from South Carolina, objected as the discussion would take time from other
business. Then others objected as well.
Rep. James Jackson, of South Carolina, moved to postpone discussion
until March of the next year. Later,
this motion was withdrawn when
Madison agreed that his proposal would be referred to a select committee that
would report to the full House in a few weeks.
Madison had the floor and spent several hours trying to persuade the
House to have the discussion now.
Hearing the sentiments allowed Madison to propose that if a single day
were devoted to the discussion to satisfy those voters who expect something to
be done, he would confine his list to those amendments considered intrinsically
proper because they are wished for by a respectable number of citizens.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
During his June 8 discussion, Madison
proposed a new preamble to the Constitution and nineteen amendments divided
into nine articles. This move was not expected.
Madison wanted the amendments incorporated and not added at the end. Roger Sherman opposed the insertion idea.
Throughout the summer, others agreed with Madison to the insertion. Drafting committees showed how complicated
and unappealing the insertion would be. Gerry of Massachusetts sided with
Madison about the need to show some effort to adopt amendments or states like
Virginia and New York may call for a second constitutional convention. Gerry proposed that July 1 be designated to
review the amendments.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Madison’s amendments began to appear in the
newspapers after the June 8 discussion in the House. After further exchanges, July 21 was selected
to further discuss the amendments, and the House voted 34 to 15 to send the
amendments to a select committee of eleven members, one from each state. It took only a week to make a report to the
House. Then the House tabled the report.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Madison asked for debate and after one more
postponement, August 12 arrived. For
eleven days members of the House debated.
Madison was losing the argument about placement of the amendments. Elias Boudinot was presiding over the
Committee of the Whole when someone asked if the amendments had to be
recommended to the House by a 2/3<sup>rd</sup> vote. Boudinot ruled that only a majority vote was
necessary and his decision was upheld by a vote of the members.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
The
report from the Committee of the Whole was voted on by the House on September
24, 1789 and the Senate voted on September 25 to approve. Twelve amendments were adopted by Congress and
submitted to the states. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Some states took little time – New Jersey was
first to ratify the amendments. A month later Maryland ratified all 12
amendments. Seeing that ratification could happen, Patrick Henry argued in
Virginia that the ratification should wait until the next Congress was elected. But after being negated by the Virginians,
Henry left Richmond for home and gave up the battle. The Virginia House and Senate were in a
standoff, partly because of amendments 11 and 12, but there were other issues
as well.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Virginia took up ratification again in
October 1791. Finally on December 15,
1791, Virginia completed its action to ratify the amendments. On December 30, 1791, Washington notified
Congress that the Bill of Rights had been ratified. These were added to the end of the original
U.S. Constitution. Labunski’s 2006 book
is ISBN: 13: 978-0-19-518105-0. The PBC
Library has 9 copies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
December 15, 2014 <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
William J. Skinner, Author<br />
<b><span style="color: red; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SOUTH
FLORIDA ELECTION LAW HANDBOOK:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
Voters Can Prevent Election Fraud and Make Elections Fair<br />
</span></b><a href="http://www.electionfraudprevention.com/"><b>www.electionfraudprevention.com</b></a><b><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b>Available
also at<b><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Amazon.com & BarnesandNoble.com<br />
</span></b><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lake
Worth, FL<br />
561-433-1170 </span>Ask the author to sign a
copy of the book today.<span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><a href="mailto:BillSkinnerLW@aol.com">BillSkinnerLW@aol.com</a><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Special prices at talks about the book. </span>Contact the Author <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Read
Bill's blog at - <a href="http://bill-skinner.blogspot.com/">http://bill-skinner.blogspot.com</a>
Ask me about Elias
Boudinot<br />
if you want to know how the Democrats suppress <o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
the
Republican vote in South Florida and Orlando<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
Please
E-mail me if your HoA or Condo A restricts political activity where you live.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-10350629005067591542014-05-03T15:38:00.000-07:002018-03-22T08:39:42.158-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">HOW DEMOCRATS SUPPRESS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> REPUBLICAN
VOTERS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IN SOUTH FLORIDA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18pt;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">he Supreme Court
of the United States recently decided that,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">There is no right more basic in our democracy than the right to
participate in electing our political leaders. Citizens can exercise that
right in a variety of ways: They can run for office themselves, vote, urge
others to vote for a particular candidate, volunteer to work on a campaign, and
contribute to a candidate’s campaign. This case is about the last of those
options. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">The right to participate in democracy through political
contributions is protected by the First Amendment, but that right is not
absolute. Our cases have held that Congress may regulate campaign
contributions to protect against corruption or the appearance of corruption.
See, <i>e.g., Buckley </i>v. <i>Valeo</i>, 424 U. S. 1, 26–27 (1976) (<i>per
curiam</i>). At the same time, we have made clear that Congress may not
regulate contributions simply to reduce the amount of money in politics, or to
restrict the political participation of some in order to enhance the relative
influence of others. See, <i>e.g., Arizona Free Enterprise Club’s Freedom Club
PAC </i>v. <i>Bennett</i>, 564 U. S. ___, ___ (2011) (slip op., at 24–25). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM13" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Many people might find those latter
objectives attractive: They would be delighted to see fewer television commercials
touting a candidate’s accomplishments or disparaging an opponent’s character.
Money in politics may at times seem repugnant to some, but so too does much of
what the First Amendment vigorously protects. If the First Amendment protects
flag burning, funeral protests, and Nazi parades—despite the profound offense
such spectacles cause—it surely protects political campaign speech despite
popular opposition. See <i>Texas </i>v. <i>Johnson</i>, 491 U. S. 397 (1989); <i>Snyder
</i>v. <i>Phelps</i>, 562 U. S. ___ (2011); <i>National Socialist Party of
America</i> we have emphasized, the First Amendment “has its fullest and most
urgent application precisely to the conduct of campaigns for political office.”
<i>Monitor Patriot Co. </i>v. <i>Roy</i>, 401 U. S. 265, 272 (1971).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">In a series of cases over the past 40 years, we have spelled out
how to draw the constitutional line between the permissible goal of avoiding
corruption in the political process and the impermissible desire simply to
limit political speech. We have said that government regulation may not target
the general gratitude a candidate may feel toward those who support him or his
allies, or the political access such support may afford. “Ingratiation and
access . . . are not corruption.” <i>Citizens United </i>v. <i>Federal Election
Comm’n</i>, 558 U. S. 310, 360 (2010). They embody a central feature of
democracy—that constituents support candidates who share their beliefs and
interests, and candidates who are elected can be expected to be responsive to
those concerns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Any regulation must instead target what we have called “<i>quid
pro quo</i>” corruption or its appearance. See <i>id., </i>at 359. That Latin
phrase captures the notion of a direct exchange of an official act for money.
See <i>McCormick </i>v. <i>United States</i>, 500 U. S. 257, 266 (1991). “The
hallmark of corruption is the financial <i>quid pro quo</i>: dollars for
political favors.” <i>Federal Election Comm’n </i>v. <i>National Conservative
Political Action Comm.</i>, 470 U. S. 480, 497 (1985). Campaign finance
restrictions that pursue other objectives, we have explained, impermissibly
inject the Government “into the debate over who should govern.” <i>Bennett</i>,
<i>supra</i>, at ___ (slip op., at 25). And those who govern should be the <i>last
</i>people to help decide who <i>should </i>govern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">The statute at issue in this case imposes two types of limits on
campaign contributions. The first, called base limits, restricts how much money
a donor may contribute to a particular candidate or committee. 2 U. S. C.
§441a(a)(1). The second, called aggregate limits, restricts how much money a
donor may contribute in total to all candidates or committees. §441a(a)(3). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM22" style="margin: 0in 0.4in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">This
case does not involve any challenge to the base limits, which we have
previously upheld as serving the permissible objective of combatting
corruption. The Government contends that the aggregate limits also serve that
objective, by preventing circumvention of the base limits. We conclude,
however, tha that the aggregate limits do little, if anything, to address that
concern, while seriously restricting participation in the democratic process.
The aggregate limits are therefore invalid under the First Amendment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="CM22" style="margin: 0in 0.4in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">A
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">For the 2013–2014 election cycle, the base limits in the Federal
Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA), as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign
Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), permit an individual to contribute up to $2,600 per
election to a candidate ($5,200 total for the primary and general elections);
$32,400 per year to a national party committee;<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;">1 </span></sup>$10,000 per year to a state or
local party committee; and $5,000 per year to a political action committee, or
“PAC.” 2 U. S. C. §441a(a)(1); 78 Fed. Reg. 8532 (2013).<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;">2 </span></sup>A
national committee, state or local party committee, or multicandidate PAC may
in turn contribute up to $5,000 per election to a candidate. §441a(a)(2).<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -3pt;">3 </span></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM12" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">The base limits apply with equal force to contributions that are
“in any way earmarked or otherwise directed through an intermediary or conduit”
to a candidate. §441a(a)(8). If, for example, a donor gives money to a party
committee but directs the party committee to pass the contribution along to a
particular candidate, then the transaction is treated as a contribution from
the original donor to the specified candidate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM13" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"> For the 2013–2014 election cycle, the
aggregate limits in BCRA permit an individual to contribute a total of $48,600
to federal candidates and a total of $74,600 to other political committees. Of
that $74,600, only $48,600 may be contributed to state or local party
committees and PACs, as opposed to national party committees. §441a(a)(3);78
Fed. Reg. 8532. All told, an individual may contribute up to $123,200 to
candidate and noncandidate committees during each two-year election cycle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM22" style="margin: 0in 0.4in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
base limits thus restrict how much money a donor may contribute to any
particular candidate or committee; the aggregate limits have the effect of
restricting how many candidates or committees the donor may support, to the
extent permitted by the base limits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0.4in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;">—————— <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0.4in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9pt; position: relative; top: -2.5pt;"> 1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9pt;">There are six authorized national party committees: the Republican
National Committee, the Democratic National Committee, the National Republican
Senatorial Committee, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, the
National Republican Congressional Committee, and the Democratic Congressional
Campaign Committee. See 2 U. S. C. §431(14). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="CM8" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.6pt;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 9pt; position: relative; top: -2.5pt;">2</span></sup><span style="font-size: 9pt;">A PAC is a business, labor, or interest group that raises or
spends money in connection with a federal election, in some cases by contributing
to candidates. A so-called “Super PAC” is a PAC that makes only independent
expenditures and cannot contribute to candidates. The base and aggregate limits
govern contributions to traditional PACs, but not to independent expenditure
PACs. See <i>SpeechNow.org </i>v. <i>Federal Election Comm’n</i>, 599 F. 3d
686, 695–696 (CADC 2010) (en banc). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.4in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<sup><span style="font-family: "century schoolbook" , serif; font-size: 9pt; position: relative; top: -2.5pt;">3</span></sup><span style="font-family: "century schoolbook" , serif; font-size: 9pt;">A multicandidate PAC is
a PAC with more than 50 contributors that has been registered for at least six
months and has made contributions to five or more candidates for federal
office. 11 CFR §100.5(e)(3) (2012).PACs that do not qualify as multicandidate
PACs must abide by the base limit applicable to individual contributions.</span><span style="font-family: "century schoolbook" , "serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0.4in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> MCCUTCHEON ET AL. <i>v</i>.
FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION, 572 U. S. ____ (2014), decided April 2,
3014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> I
cited this case as an introduction to this blog to give you a feel for what the
conservatives on the current Supreme Court can say when the subject is only
money and how much money a voter can donate to favored candidates in one
election. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Just
imagine what they might say if the subject was access to the political process
by registered voters who are being suppressed from participation in those
political process rights where they live.
I am not focusing on the suppression of minority voters; I focusing
about suppression of Republican voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This
analysis gives facts that cover Palm Beach County, but it is applicable to any
county where the majority of the registered voters are members of one party and
the county has a large number of dwelling units that are condos, homeowner
associations, or community associations.
Most of these counties are in South Florida. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">For
example, in Palm Beach County the total population on April 15, 2014 was
1,355,759. The number of persons under
18 years of age was 20.1%. </span><a href="http://www.census.gov/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">www.Census.gov</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">So the number eligible to
register to vote is reduced to 1,083,253. Of the latter number, there are
235,407 registered Republicans, 366,151 registered Democrats, 234,441 other
registered voters, for a total of 835,999 registered voters. </span><a href="http://www.pbcelections.org/"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">www.pbcelections.org</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This leaves 247,254 census counted
people who are not registered to vote. In other words 23 % of the population in Palm
Beach County is not registered to vote. <span class="MsoHyperlink"> </span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Part
of the 247,254 are persons counted as living here may be foreign nationals with
second homes, undocumented foreigners (illegal aliens receiving US welfare or
not), or US citizens living in second homes who vote elsewhere. But it remains that 23 % of the population in
Palm Beach County counted by the census is not registered to vote. One might ask how the other 77 % can be
causing so much trouble. I will now make
a stab at explaining the answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">If
these unregistered voters were allow to sign up to vote with same day
registration (registered on the day of election), the major parties could
easily be outvoted by the new voters, depending on which turn out to vote. There would be no way to catch or stop
them these first timers if they all voted and 25% of the Republican stayed home. If a large part of the unregistered population were eligible to register
and did so on election day, the party in which most of them registered would be
on top easily. Only Democrats like Ted
Deutch recommend same day registration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2in 0pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">You
probably have not contemplated the voting situation through this lens. These numbers do not lie and I am not trying
to mislead anyone. But these numbers are not the main point with
the voter suppression going on against Republicans. There is more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
Palm Beach County there are 1,572 homeowners associations containing 299,286
homes or undeveloped lots within those HOAs.
Palm Beach County has the largest number of HOAs in Florida and has a
similar number of condo residents. </span><a href="http://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/sto/file_download/public-records-CTMH.html"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/sto/file_download/public-records-CTMH.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">html</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">You probably have not seen those figures
before, but the Florida legislature ordered a study in 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Using
the 299,286 figure and 2.59 persons per house according to the 2008-2012 Census
data, this means there could be 775,150
persons living within just the HOAs, plus a large number in the condo
associations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to the Supervisor of Elections for PBC the registered Democrats are 44% and the
registered Republicans are 28% of the total registered voters. <a href="http://www.pbcelections.org/">www.pbcelections.org</a>. Therefore, with distribution across HOAs
presumed to be equal county-wide the residents (citizens of Florida or not) the
HOA boards are likely to be represented in the same proportion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> If these assumptions are true, then the
Democrats can always out vote the Republicans on the boards or in the
communities of South Florida. In other
areas of the state Republicans are not out numbered so much. HOA boards, consisting of many more Democrats
than Republicans, can successfully keep other parties from conducting any
political discussions with neighbors under the standard covenants that run with
HOA property. These covenants are made
into rules by the Boards and homeowners who are the Democrats, a 61%
majority. HOA rules often prohibit
political activity. <a href="http://www.pbcelections.org/">www.pbcelections.org</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is
that is what is going on in Palm Beach County politics? Some political activists think so. You may know of cases where you live in South
Florida. Some examples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
Valencia Palms HOA in western Boynton Beach, there was an on-going and
functioning Ronald Reagan Club that met monthly for a year or so until the Board of the
HOA found out it was a political club.
That Board stopped them from meeting in HOA rooms and will not allow the
club to use common space meeting rooms because politics is divisive and tears
the community apart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
Valencia Shores HOA in western Lake Worth, the Republican Committeeman had no
trouble delivering literature for elections and talking to Republican voters from
2004 until 2012. In the summer of 2012
he was warned he was “soliciting” in violation of community rules. The Committeeman was told in writing that he
would be fined by the Board if he did it again.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
two Committeeman later wrote the Board and asked that the rules be changed for
“soliciting” and that elected party committee people be allowed to walk the streets
to speak to Republicans at their front door and leave literature if they were
not home. “Soliciting” was something
else besides political communication. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
Board then amended the two sentence rule into one sentence rule which still left
approval to the discretion of the Board.
The Committeemen then wrote to ask the they be allowed to hang a plastic
envelope with printed matter in it on the outside of mailboxes as the Board
does for its HOA newsletter or to leave printed matter on the front door stoop
in an envelope like the mailman, FedEx, or United Parcel Service driver does. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
Board responded that it would then permit hand delivery of documents person to
person. But it “recommended” that no
documents be left at the door or mailboxes.
In addition, the Board recommended that the Committeemen mail documents
to the addresses or take an ad in the HOA newsletter. These Board decisions apply
these same privileges to any newly elected Committeeman or Committeewoman as
this part of the Committeemen’s request was not objected to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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[2018 update] The Board has now amended the rules to say that if any group raises any money from its members that certain reports must be made periodically to the HOA. This, of course, allows the Board to monitor what is being done by the people inside the HOA.<br />
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Of
course, the Committeemen knew they could use the Post Office to mail documents
to residents of his HOA. The two
Committeemen in this precinct know well the cost of getting political mail to
the voters. Five times in an election
year and the bill would be north of $1,500.
The advertisement offer is another communication method that needs further
testing. In the heat of the 2014 and 2016 elections is not the time for lengthy
proceedings to change wording in ads. Will the Board want to change the wording when
they see the ad? Will the ad make
politics divisive? Will the Board charge
a higher fee for the political ad? The uncertainty and the fact that the Board has
already threatened fines, means caution is needed. In court cases, this is called a “chilling
effect.” Do you see what is happening?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In
all fairness to Valencia Shores HOA they have permitted one public meeting in
October 2012 for candidates of the Republican Party. They did so after the Committeemen cited the
Florida Statute that allows reasonable use of HOA facilities by candidates for
office or public officials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">There
are probably many other instances like those of these two HOAs across the
length and breadth of Palm Beach County.
If any reader has a story to share and will give their name, HOA name
and stand by their story, this will be added to the collection of methods that
the majority Democratic Party organization uses to control the political
activity of Republicans with the resulting suppression of Republican political
activity and voting. Does your HOA allow
political meetings in your HOA facilities?
Does your HOA prohibit you from delivering political literature to the
door of the homes in your HOA? If not,
what are the reasons given for this suppression of your First Amendment
rights. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">If
one checks the voting records of Republicans, it can safely be said that the
voter turnout is almost usually under 75%.
That means that for 235,000 voters, Republicans can only get 176,000 out
in a good Presidential election.
Everyone knows that non-Presidential year elections have only a 10 to
20% turnout. Republicans are such a
small part of the registered voters in Palm Beach County that they need Independents
and Democrats to vote for Republicans in order to win elections in Palm Beach
County<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The
Republican vote is being suppressed by a number of things already, including
indicted and convicted Republican office holders, turncoat Charlie Crist and
his cadre of crooks, and the bitter and nasty pubic arguments between
Republican candidates. That 25% of
registered Republicans have sat out on elections for the past 10 years is
shocking. Republicans have to deal with
reality and get involved in selecting candidates and advising them to clean up
their act.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">These
negative problems have to be dealt with up front – vetting candidates, being
ready for the last two weeks attack from the nasty literature distribution from
the Democrats, and having candidates that can speak truth to the lies in an
understandable way. Of course, being
ready means having money for campaign materials, cable and TV ads and hundreds
of coffees, receptions, meet and greets, and other events. People who avoid the vote, probably do not
give money to candidates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I
urge you not to surrender your core First Amendment rights to make political
speech and that you work to help your elected Committeemen and Committeewomen. My wife and I signed nothing that agreed we
gave up our First Amendment rights to live where we live. If we could organize every precinct to spread
the word about what needs to be done, we could win some elections just by
showing up in larger numbers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Will
you use some time to protect your First Amendment rights in 2014 and 2016, or
will you simply go along to get along and send the bill for increases in
government spending to your grandchildren?
Help protect what our forbearers gave us in the First Amendment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[2018 update] No progress has been made with the Florida legislature since attempts have been made numerous times. Governor Scott referred me to the legislature. No Republican would introduce a bill to correct this situation yet. One Democrat introduced a bill and the Republicans would not assign it to a committee. Admittedly the issue is complicated and a sponsor needs a brain and determination. So does maintaining our First Amendment rights. 2018 elections are upon us and we can expect to be suppressed again.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> William
J. Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> BillSkinnerLW@aol.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-42071694140554427302012-04-03T14:31:00.000-07:002012-04-03T14:31:00.646-07:00ENTITLEMENT REDUCTION PLAN TO IMPROVE HEALTH CARE<strong>S</strong>ome people who know me know that I was a practicing pharmacist and a practicing attorney in my years before retirement. During those early years I worked as a retail and hospital pharmacist, as a marketing legal counsel drug manufacturer, as an executive and legal counsel for the association of schools of pharmacy, legal counsel and congressional liaison for the United States Pharmacopeia, and for an assortment of hundreds of individual clients. I am still a member of pharmacy and bar associations and keep up in some of those areas. Many people do not know that for the last 15 years I have published a newsletter concerning the laws and regulations of dietary supplements, botanical and herbal products plus the emerging science about these products. So I am very well acquainted with the market conditions and possibilities these products can offer to reduce the cost of illness and prevent disease.<br />
<br />
<br />
As I have been thinking about the immense Federal government debt in recent months, I have come across some ideas that may provide a way to stop the entitlement creep in the health care area, most specifically in the area of prescription drugs and other similar products. The entitlements that Congress has created to help get themselves reelected are now set to take over all of the discretionary spending of the Federal government.<br />
<br />
Currently we see commentators write about the $15 to 16 Trillion in Federal government debt, made up of $11 Trillion or so of deficit spending and about $5 Trillion of debt to various Trust Funds like the Social Security Trust Fund, the Highway Trust Fund and other federally established Trust Funds. Few people however write about or even understand that these two numbers do not include the amount needed to fund all of the promises the Congress and past Administrations have made for Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid plus pensions for Federal employees and a few other items. If the cost of providing what the law has promised to future generations is calculated to give the present day cost of those programs there may be another $105 to $120 Trillion promised that we do not have in the bank or anywhere else.<br />
<br />
This has led Michael D. Tanner, speaking to the Cato Institute recently on the True State of the Union to say that “We are broke. And we cannot pay it back.!” <br />
<br />
If we are to fix this debt problem, large and bold plans must be developed that will change the way we forward fund all of our luxuries onto future generations. It is not fair of us in 2012 to borrow forty cents of every dollar we spend from China and expect the unborn to be saddled with the bill. Politicians will tell you we can get by one more election, then we can take care of the problem. I say we must start now, not later, to get our Federal spending in order. <br />
<br />
For a number of years I have been a member of the Life Extension Foundation, located in Ft. Lauderdale. The organization has a pharmacy, mail order operation, diagnostic labs and a magazine titled Life Extension®. Every issue contains an article about a conflict or road block that the Food and Drug Administration has put up to stop the sale of some product or to demand more proof of effectiveness and safety for drugs that might help some very sick people.<br />
<br />
Now these articles have been collected into a book titled, <em>Pharmocracy, How Corrupt Deals and Misguided Medical Regulations are Bankrupting America – And What To Do About It,</em> by William Faloon. The book (ISBN 978-1-60766-011-8) is available from <span style="color: blue;">www.lef.org</span> and Praktikos Books <span style="color: blue;">info@praktikosbooks.com</span>. Members of the Foundation can purchase it at a discounted price.<br />
<br />
The book contains information advanced by Faloon since 1998 through 2011. Over the years he has generated several attempts to get Congress to change laws related to FDA controls over pharmaceuticals to a free market system. But success has come bite by bite, not all at once.<br />
<br />
I am blogging about this book because it contains a treasure trove of background information and solutions to problems that have created our growing debt for healthcare. The ideas in the book are not the only solutions out there, but the book needs to be included in the thinking of policy planners and decision makers. We have reinvented too many wheels recently when some answers are staring us in the face.<br />
<br />
What does the free market system look like in the eyes of Faloon? <br />
<br />
In the Preface, he writes: “Pharmocracy provides an irrefutable and rational basis to remove the suffocating compulsory aspect of healthcare regulation and allow free-market forces to compete against government-sanctioned medicine.”<br />
<br />
“This book documents how the free market can provide superior healthcare at far lower prices while better protecting consumers.<br />
<br />
“I fear that disregard of the obvious problems revealed in this book will condemn the United States to a downward spiral with little improvement in human longevity.”<br />
<br />
One explanation of Faloon’s free market system is “Our longstanding proposal has been to change the law so that anyone can opt out of the FDA’s umbrella of ‘protection.’ This approach will allow companies to sell drugs that have demonstrated safety and a reasonable likelihood of effectiveness, which are clearly labeled ‘Not Approved by the FDA.’ Patients who wish can still use only FDA-approved drugs, while those willing to take a risk, in consultation with their doctors, will be allowed to try drugs shown to be safe that are still not approved.”<br />
<br />
“We believe this initiative will result in a renaissance in the practice of medicine similar to the computer technology revolution of the past three decades. In the liberated environment we propose, many lethal diseases will succumb to cures that are less expensive that is presently the case. And greater competition will help eliminate the healthcare costs crisis that exists today.” p. 85. <br />
<br />
Faloon says the main reasons we have a less than effective free market, is that “For more than a century, consumers have been misled into believing the FDA protected them against dangerous drugs. The harsh reality is that the FDA functions to protect the economic interests of the pharmaceutical establishment, while trampling on the rights of Americans to access safer and more effective natural therapies.” P. 99<br />
<br />
The Faloon system would rely heavily on trial lawyers to stop companies from selling drugs making fraudulent claims. The Federal Trade Commission would be given authority over drug claims that it does not have now. The FDA would no longer be an impediment to seriously sick people from getting the latest, even if unapproved, treatment for their problems. Faloon says, “So we have a system in place today in which progressive doctors are persecuted, while those who sell dangerous and often ineffective therapies receive protection and payment from the federal government. People without the financial wherewithal have no choice, since Medicate will only pay what the FDA claims is safe and effective. Conventional medicine’s goldmine will end when Medicare exhausts its ability to pay.” P. 124<br />
<br />
At the end of this 364 page book is a summary of the seven regulatory restructuring changes required to reap the rewards of the free market. “Congress must pass laws that prohibit regulatory agencies (both federal and state) from taking enforcement action that impedes competition, drives up costs, stifles innovation, chills free speech, grants privileges to certain groups that are denied to others, mandates government approval or licensing, and creates wasteful and corrupt bureaucracy.” p. 361.<br />
<br />
This is a lot to do. And there are some problems in my mind with Congress telling the States what they cannot prohibit, since the FDA is based on the Commerce Clause and the 10th Amendment is coming back to life. But the seven areas Faloon mentions are worthy as an outline for what needs to be considered.<br />
<br />
The problem right now is what Faloon recognizes in his Epilogue. He says, “Our government has no idea what’s destroying America’s healthcare system. I doubt any elected official understands more than five percent of what you have just learned in this book.”<br />
<br />
“One reason our political leaders wallow in blind ignorance is that healthcare is only one of hundreds of different issues they are responsible for.”<br />
<br />
We would all be well to elect only Representatives and Senators, as well as a President, who now understand what is explained in this book or pledges to undertake to read it and ask why the healthcare system must remain under all of the current regulation.Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-66026718551309806172011-12-29T07:13:00.000-08:002011-12-29T07:13:27.939-08:00WHAT IS HAPPENING WITH ACORN<strong>Things You Need to Know</strong><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>A</strong></span>corn or the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now is still with us and planning for the future destruction of the United States as we know it. On August 30, I received an Email notice from Newsmax that Matthew Vadum had written a new book titled <em>Subversion Inc.: How Obama’s ACORN Red Shirts are Still Terrorizing and Ripping Off American Taxpayers</em>. What the Newsmax Email said about the book intrigued me, so I bought it and read it. I decided that some more people needed to know what is in this book, so you might read it and take action to monitor what ACORN is doing today. I hope after reading these few comments you will also read the entire book and start keeping track of where ACORN is today.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Because of ACORN’s past history of voter registration fraud and other criminal activities, and my work exposing double voters in Palm Beach County, I have become more vigilant than some in monitoring the signals of voting problems. As I read the book, I decided that Floridians, especially the Republicans, need to know what the book says about ACORN activities in Florida. So this is what this essay is all about. I want to share some facts and factors that the book brings to our attention.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Ronald Reagan called ACORN “dangerous” on a radio talk show in 1970. It was after that that ACORN declared war on the Republican Party and began to work with Democrats. Vadum relates that it was Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller, a Republican, who in 1970 got ACORN into the voter registration business and gave ACORN $100,000 cash to get out the vote in Arkansas. (40) HUD Secretaries Alphonso Jackson, Jack Kemp, and Mel Martinez all worked with ACORN. Even John McCain’s support of ACORN got him into trouble in the third presidential debate in 2008. (49)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Not surprisingly, Vadum writes that “When he was still a Republican in 2008, Florida Governor Charlie Crist, and his chief elections officer, Secretary of State Kurt S. Browning, both rejected McCain’s condemnation of ACORN. When reporters asked the governor if he objected to ACORN being active in Florida elections, he replied, ‘no.’ Browning concurred. Crist also signed into law an ACORN-backed bill that restored the voting rights of more than 100,000 ex-convicts.” (50)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty was for ACORN and signed a bill funding the organization before calling for the funding to be cut in 2009. Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney signed an ACORN-backed bill that cracked down on the subprime lending industry. (50)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Cloward and Piven came up with the idea to register massive numbers of new voters as part of their strategy to push the Democratic Party to power. They wrote about this in ACORN’s magazine, <em>Social Policy</em> in 1983. (100)</div><br />
The Congressional Black Caucus was formed in 1971, a year after ACORN, “as a vehicle in Congress for radical left-wing black politicians.” (127) Take note Allen West. <br />
<br />
Saul Alinsky liked to taunt liberals. “A liberal is the kind of guy who walks out of a room when the argument turns into a fight,” Alinsky said. To Alinsky, liberals were saps to be manipulated. Alinsky was always able to find guilt ridden capitalists to fund the downfall of capitalism and Vadum names Marshall Field III and Midas Muffler founder Gordon B. Sherman. (132) Vadum says the Catholic Campaign for Human Development (CCHD) gave money to Alinsky and continues to do so today. (133) <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Although Alinsky has rules, these were written later in life. Alinsky’s most fundamental teaching is explained by David Horowitz, according to Vadum, that “radicals have to lie to their opponents and disarm them by pretending to be moderates and liberals.” Deception is the most important arrow in the radical’s quiver. “Radical arsonists such as Al Sharpton and Jeremiah Wright pose as civil rights activists; anti-American radicals such as Bill Ayers pose as patriotic progressives; socialists pose as liberals,” Horowitz writes. “The mark of their success is reflected in the fact that conservatives collude in the deception and call them liberals as well.” (138) Notice that lies are a main function of Taliban and Islamofacists, too.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">After funding problems in 2009 and 2010 brought about by investigative journalists, ACORN Housing changed its name to Affordable Housing Centers of America. (141)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Vadum says, “Alinsky taught the community organizer’s first job is ‘community disorganization’ by manufacturing crises in order to inflame the community. The organizer must “create the issues or problems.” He must “rub raw the resentments of the people of the community” and “fan then latent hostilities of many of the people to the point of overt expression.” The organizer must “agitate to the point of conflict” because without friction and controversy “people are not concerned enough to act.” (142)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">In Hillary Clinton’s senior thesis at Wellesley College, Alinsky is reported to “have told her that he was the second most important Jew in the history of Christianity.” (147)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Florida ACORN gathered almost a million signatures to get wage increase measures on the state’s ballot in 2004, partly as a strategy to increase low-income turnout for the presidential vote. (254) Miami ACORN got a taste of its own medicine when it stiffed dozens of its 2004 election workers. The canvassers had helped get signatures to get Amendment 5 on the ballot to raise the state minimum wage. During a sit-in in the Miami ACORN office unpaid employees set fire to the office kitchenette and stole computers. (262)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The whole of chapter 13 is about Voter Fraud. In Florida, seven ACORN employees were convicted of voter registration fraud in 2010. Their names are Maurice Childress, Kashawn John, Littovia Rhodes, Carlos Torres, Evangeline Williams, Likevia Williams and Richard Williams. Vadum lists two pages of names of persons convicted of voter fraud from 1998 to 2010. (287)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">“In Florida, consultant Joe Johnson stopped working with ACORN because he was concerned the group was not submitting complete registration cards to election officials, In that state, ACORN hired convicted armed robber Mac Stuart in 2003 as a petition signature gatherer, apparently without checking his background. Stuart rose of the ranks quickly and was put in charge of the Miami voter registration drive.” (292)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Matt Stoller, a senior policy advisor to Rep. Alan Grayson (D-FL) ran an online discussion forum, named Townhouse, for Nathan Hendrson-James, director of ACORN’s online campaigns. Henderson-James sent a message to members of Townhouse in February 2010 saying “Last one out turn out the lights and wipe the server.” This was part of an ACORN strategy to dupe Americans into thinking ACORN was shutting down. (330)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Rep. Steve King (R-IA) and Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-MN) were demanding a probe of ACORN’s ties to President Obama, but a federal racketeering probe has not started yet in 2011. The Community Action Support Center (CASC) may be a main vehicle being developed by formerly named ACORN organizations. Watch for variations of this name to pop up is the way I read Vadum’s suggestion relative to this new group. (332)</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The Vadum book goes on for 350 pages plus useful appendices. If what I have provided here does not excite you to read the book, then think about this information from Matthew Vadum: The Obama Administration is calling for $10.3 Trillion expansion in welfare in 10 years according to the Heritage Foundation. Only $6.4 Trillion has been spent on the wars in the Middle East, but $16 Trillion has been spent on the War on Poverty. By 2015 welfare will reach $1 Trillion a year.</div><br />
Subversion Inc. is published by WND Books, and can be purchased on Amazon.com for less than $20. ISBN: 978-1-935071-14-3 (2011)Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-19976857148395485982011-06-24T12:22:00.000-07:002011-06-24T12:22:14.844-07:00TENTH AMENDMENT APPLIES TO INDIVIDUALSSUPREME COURT RULES TENTH AMENDMENT <br />
MAY BE USED BY INDIVIDUALS<br />
By William J. Skinner<br />
In a case decided on June 16, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court filed a unanimous opinion in a Pennsylvania case saying that an individual has standing to defend a criminal charge as being based on an unconstitutional statute under the 10th Amendment.<br />
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The opinion clears up some confusion about a sentence in an old opinion in a 1939 case where states sued the Tennessee Valley Authority over the right of the Federal government to compete in selling electricity. <i>Tennessee Electric Power Co. v.TVA</i>, 306 U.S. 118. The Supreme Court seemed to limit the 10th amendment to the states.<br />
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In the current case, <i>Carol Anne Bond v. United States</i>, Mrs. Bond was convicted of two counts under 18 U.S.C. § 229, a Federal statute, of possessing and using a chemical that can cause death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent harm to humans or animals. She pled guilty with the right to appeal and received a six year sentence.<br />
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The appeal went from the U.S. District Court in Eastern Pennsylvania to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. The Third Circuit affirmed the decision on the basis of one sentence in the 1939 opinion. <br />
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In the 2011 decision the Supreme Court made perfectly clear that there was an individual right to use the 10th amendment as well as a state right to use the 10th amendment. The Supreme Court sent the case back to the Third Circuit to decide if the statute was unconstitutional under the 10th amendment. So the case could return to the Supreme Court.<br />
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Please pass this on to all your attorney friends, especially those practicing criminal defense law, so that they know what has happened. The full opinion is available at: <b>www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-1227.pdf</b>.<br />
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The dividing line between Federal and State law spheres of operation could be refined over the next several years if the right cases are appealed to the higher courts. This is about more than the enumerated powers belonging to the Federal and the other powers belonging to the states. These other powers now belong to the people, just as the 10th amendment states.Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-48983925966102995102011-02-16T05:51:00.000-08:002011-02-16T05:51:32.298-08:00Basic knowledge used by the FoundersTHE FOUNDERS STUDIED THESE WRITINGS <br />
In very general terms, the Founders studied ancient Israel and Anglo-Saxon governing principles and systems that are similar in precept and operational structure. They studied the histories of the Greeks, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Europeans and the English. They studied the Bible, especially the Old Testament, and the teachings of Jesus.<br />
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There also were significant books that they obtained and studied. Not every one of the Founders read them all, but among the Founders some Founders who applied them to their task of writing the Constitution read all of these. Here are a few of the authors and what the Founders learned from them in a capsule form.<br />
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Polybius – 204 to 122 BC. Next to Herodotus and Thucydides, Polybius was the greatest Greek historian. He began writing about the separation of powers doctrine among monarchs, aristocracies, and democracies. He proposed a mixed constitution. He was aware that each of these forms of government carried the seeds of degeneration if they were operated without checks and balances.<br />
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Cicero -- 106 to 43 BC. A great political thinker who discovered the Great Commandment of the Jews and Christians that said we should love, respect and obey the all-wise Creator. And Cicero taught that the second greatest commandment was that because justice is impossible except under the principles of God’s law, that the love of fellow man provides the desire to promote true justice. <br />
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Sir Edward Coke – 1552 to 1634. An English lawyer who was appointed Attorney General by Queen Elizabeth over the desires of Francis Bacon who wanted the job. Coke prosecuted Sir Walter Raleigh for treason among other high profile cases. Later he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1613, a high paying job for the Crown. But he was removed in 1616 and made Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, a low paying job, by John I. The reason for the demotion was his unwillingness to compromise in the face of challenges to the supremacy of the common law over the King. In 1628 he was a Member of Parliament and helped write the Petition of Right that granted habeas corpus and other personal rights that later found their way into the U.S. Constitution and its amendments.<br />
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Rev. Thomas Hooker – 1586 to 1647. A non-conformist minister who was silenced by a bishop in England, whereupon he fled to Holland and later to New England. Hooker was one of the writers of Fundamental Orders adopted by Connecticut in 1639 as the first written constitution in modern times. Rhode Island adopted this same document as well and the other original colonies reviewed this when it came time for them to write a constitution. Hooker based the document on the principles recorded in the first book of Deuteronomy and began to use the phrase We the People.<br />
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Baron Charles de Montesquieu – 1689 to 1755. Wrote The Spirit of Laws after 20 years of research. The writing took two whole years. His writing was greatly admired by the Founders. He refined the separate but coordinated powers of elements in a constitution and recommended an Executive, Senate, and Peoples Assembly and an Independent Judiciary.<br />
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Sir William Blackstone –1723 to 1780. He began the Oxford law school classes in 1753 and his lectures were published in 1765. These were read in America as much or more than in England. Blackstone confirmed the Founders’ wisdom by stating that the Natural Law is the only reliable basis for a stable society and a system of justice. He wrote there are laws for human nature just as there are laws for the orderly arrangement of the universe. Laws for human nature were revealed by God; whereas laws of the universe must be learned by scientific investigation. <br />
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John Locke -- 1632 to 1704. A physician who wrote an Essay on Human Understanding and insisted that one could know there is a divine Creator by simply thinking about it. He taught that each person knows he exists and each person knows that he is “something.” A “something” cannot be produced by a “nothing.” It follows that this “something” which arranged and organized everything would be all-knowing to the extent required.<br />
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Adam Smith – 1723 to 1790. A college professor in Scotland wrote Wealth of Nations, the first college textbook in economics. This was the watershed between mercantilism and free-market economics. Jefferson said this was an excellent book while many considered it too complex to read.<br />
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The idea for this article comes from a book titled The 5000 Year Leap. A basic theme of The 5000 Year Leap is that the current generation is ignoring what the Founders learned and knew as they wrote the Constitution that allowed the United States to be the greatest defender of freedom and the most economically developed country in history. This came about because the citizens were educated to be a part of a manifest destiny to expand these principles by example throughout the world. For the first 125 years, The Founders, ideas of fostering virtue (doing something for the good of the country, instead of always having to have a bigger and bigger salary or more personal power), having citizens educated in the reading writing and arithmetic, plus the basic principles of religion (not denominational creeds), was the way that government would continue to work for the betterment of mankind. <br />
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Author Cleon Skousen describes 28 Principles the Founders relied upon that changed the world in his book. A quote is provided from each of these descriptions in the book. <br />
These are:<br />
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1st Principle – The Genius of Natural Law. Quoting Cicero, Skousen writes: “The Law of Nature or Nature’s God is eternal in its basis goodness; it is universal in its application. It is a code of “right reason’ from the Creator himself. It cannot be altered. It cannot be repealed. It cannot be abandoned by legislators or the people themselves, even though they may pretend to do so. In Natural Law we are dealing with factors of absolute reality. It is basic in its principles, comprehensive to the human mind, and totally correct and morally right in its general operation.”<br />
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2nd Principle – A Free People Cannot Survive Under a Republican Constitution Unless They Remain Virtuous and Morally Strong. Morality was a big issue in 1775-1776. Whether the people were sufficiently virtuous and moral to govern themselves was the single question leading to the final decision to become independent. Franklin said: “Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom. As nations become corrupt and vicious, they have more need of masters.” Washington pointed out that the Constitution could survive only “so long as there shall remain any virtue in the body of the people.” <br />
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Skousen quotes Gordon S. Wood in The Creation of the American Republic to explain: “In a Republic, however, each man must somehow be persuaded to submerge his personal wants into the greater good of the whole. This willingness of the individual to sacrifice his private interest for the good of the community – such patriotism or love of country – the eighteenth century termed public virtue… The eighteenth century mind was thoroughly convinced that a popularly based government “cannot be supported without virtue’.”<br />
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3rd Principle – The Most Promising Method of Securing a Virtuous and Morally Stable People it to Elect Virtuous Leaders. Sam Adams said we should not elect public officials if they lack experience, training, proven virtue, and demonstrated wisdom. Madison wrote: “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external or internal controls on government would be necessary.” Fed. Papers, No. 51, p.322 Jefferson believed that the best citizens should accept major roles in public life. Jefferson felt it should be the goal of the whole nation to use education and every other means to stimulate and encourage citizens who clearly exhibited a special talent for public service. Samuel Adams and his younger cousin sacrificed their fortunes to serve in politics, which they considered to be the “divine science.” In the early history of the United States public stations were looked upon as an honor rather than a position of profit. Example, for eight years Washington managed to do without the $25,000 annual salary as President as he had done as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces in the Revolutionary War. Franklin saw the possibility of profit from public office as the means of an American monarchy coming about. A provision in the Pennsylvania Constitution said that every freeman should have an independent source of income so that there is no necessity to establish offices of profit. Believing these things, the Founders rejected some fads prevalent in Europe at that time.<br />
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4th Principle – Without Religion the Government of a Free People Cannot be Maintained. Many Americans fail to realize the importance the Founders attached to religion and that the Founders also felt religion would be more important in our day as well. In the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 they emphasized the need to teach “Religion, morality, and knowledge…”. Religion was defined as a “fundamental system of beliefs concerning man’s origin and relationship to the cosmic universe as well as his relationship with his fellow man.” Morality may be described as “a standard of behavior distinguishing right from wrong.” Knowledge is “an intellectual awareness and understanding of established facts relating to any field of human experience or inquiry (i.e., history, geography, science, etc.).” Washington commented in his Farewell Address “It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government.” The Founders were not favoring a particular religion, but were encouraging the teaching of universal fundamentals that Franklin described as five points of sound religion. De Tocqueville wrote that religion takes no direct part in government of society, but it must be regarded as the first of their political institutions … but I am certain that they hold it to be indispensable to the maintenance of republican institutions. This opinion is not peculiar to a class of citizens or to a party, but it belongs to the whole nation and to every rank of society.” De Tocqueville also noted that the clergy seemed anxious to maintain “separation of church and state,” but they had a great influence on public life. He did not find any clergy in public administration as there were in Europe. The Founders were strong on religious equality – both Christian and non-Christian. Justice Storey wrote later that the Founders left the power over religion to the state governments. This is why the First Amendment says, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” <br />
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The “wall of separation” that Jefferson wrote about was intended only for the Federal government. Jefferson so stated in his second Inaugural Address.<br />
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5th Principle – All Things Were Created by God, Therefore Upon Him All Mankind are Equally Dependent, and to Him They Are Equally Responsible. The Founders were of the same mind as John Locke in his writing that the human mind by itself could not produce a time piece or a lead pencil, as all of these are the product of intelligent design and precision engineering. Locke wrote there are many things we can know about the Creator by thinking about it. An atheist, Locke felt, has failed to apply his divine capacity for reason and observation. Skousen says the Founders considered the whole foundation of a just society to be structured on the basis of God’s revealed law. These laws constituted a moral code clearly distinguishing right from wrong. All religious cultures in the world agreed. Blackstone wrote about it extensively and the Founders read Blackstone. Washington counted 67 incidents during the War where disaster could have occurred but for the intervention of the hand of God. Madison was also emphatic about God’s intervention in the War. This was not an idle gesture as the Founders at the time of the war adopted the motto “In God We Trust.”<br />
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6th Principle – All Men Are Created Equal. How can this be true? Only in three ways, says Skousen. They can be treated equal in the sight of God, in the sight of the law, and in the protection of those rights. Jean Jacques Rousseau was teaching that men were designed to be equal in every way. John Adams, while in France, wrote that all men were born to equal rights, but not with equal powers and faculties, equal influence in society, to equal property and advantages through life, is a gross fraud, and a glaring an imposition that was ever imposed on the credulity of people by the monks, by Brahmins, by priests of the immortal Lama, or by the self-styles philosophers of the French Revolution. <br />
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Equal rights are to protect the rights of the people equally: at the ballot box; at the public school; at the employment office; at the real estate agency; at the pulpit; at the podium; at the microphone or before the camera; at the meeting hall; at the print shop; at the store; at the bank; at the tax collector’s office; and at the probate court. The United States is a nation of minorities. Many minorities have assimilated before the Japanese, Chinese and blacks had problems. The blacks asked for equal rights at the employment office and things began to change for the better over asking for rights to gratuities. Throughout the struggle to assure equal rights, the Constitution has been amended with the 13th, 14th, 15th and 19th amendments. Inequality is a product of liberty.<br />
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7th Principle – The Proper Role of Government is to Protect Equal Rights, Not to Provide Equal Things. The Founders discovered the fallacy of taking from the “haves” to give to the “have nots,” a role of government in Europe. The Founders therefore restricted the role of government to those things that they individually have the right to do. As an example, everyone has the right to the protection of life and property, so it is legitimate to delegate to government the task of setting up a police department. But the government’s job is not to take a car from a man that has two cars and give it to someone without a car. A government that takes from one to give to another is a government that can take anything it wants. The Founders took the view that government could protect the rights of people and ensure that have the right to prosper. Based on their education and the protection of rights, America became the most prosperous country in the world and then became the most generous country. The Founders also had a deep concern for the poor and needy. But Franklin found that some compassion by government made things worse instead of better. By excluding the national government from intervening in the local affairs of the people, the Founders felt they were protecting the unalienable rights of the people from abuse by an over aggressive government. This is why no constitutional authority exists in the Constitution for the Federal government to participate in charity or welfare.<br />
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8th Principle – Men Are Endowed by Their Creator with Certain Unalienable Rights. The Founders believed that those rights came directly from God. Therefore they were to remain sacred and inviolate. These rights also are called natural rights. Skousen says, “we may do something ourselves to forfeit the unalienable rights endowed by the Creator, but no one else can take those rights from us without being subject to God’s justice. This is what makes certain rights unalienable. They are inherent rights given to us by the Creator. That is why they are called natural rights.” The Founders did not list all of the Unalienable Rights. The Founders knew a great many natural rights existed, such as the right to self-government, the right to bear arms for self-defense, the right to own, develop, and dispose of property, the right to make personal choices, the right to choose a profession, the right to choose a mate, the right of free conscious. The right to begat one’s kind, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right to free speech and free press, the right to enjoy the fruits of one’s labors, the right to improve one’s position through barter and sale, the right to contrive and invent, the right to explore the natural resources of the Earth, the right to privacy, the right to provide personal security, the right to provide nature’s necessities – air, food, water, clothing and shelter, the right to a fair trial, the right of association, and the right to contract. <br />
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This concept of natural rights was well understood before Blackstone wrote about them eleven years before the writing of the Constitution. . There were three basis natural rights – the right of personal security, the right of personal liberty, and the right of private property. <br />
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9th Principle – To Protect Man’s Rights, God Has Revealed Certain Principles of Divine Law. These laws are revealed in Holy Scripture. An analysis of the essential elements of God’s code of laws reveals it is designed to promote, preserve, and protect man’s unalienable rights. And divine laws also impose unalienable duties – both public and private. The public duties relate to public morality and are usually supported by local or state laws. Private duties are those that exist between the Creator and the individual.<br />
Skousen lists 20 public and private duties, including the duty to honor the supremacy of the Creator and his laws, and the duty to follow rules of morale rectitude. The Israelites and the Anglo-Saxons practiced reparations to restore victims requiring the violator to make victims whole. <br />
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10th Principle – The God-given Right to Govern is Vested in the Sovereign Authority of the Whole People. Royal families did all that they could to establish they governed by the “divine right of Kings” as a grant from God. King Charles II beheaded Algernon Sidney in 1683 for saying there was no divine right of kings to govern. That very year John Locke fled England for Holland where he could say the same thing Sidney said without fear. In 1690 Locke published his two essays on The Original Extend and End of Civil Government. The Founders agreed there was no divine right of Kings to govern. The Founders believed rulers were servants of the people. Anglos-Saxons believed the king was one among equals who could be replaced in any monthly meeting of the tribe. Hamilton extolled the “divine right of the people” and the consent of the people. Madison learned, when the Constitution was sent for ratification, that the people felt the Federal government was being given autocratic authority and he wrote in Federalist Papers, No46, p. 294 that the people must be told that the ultimate authority resides in the people.<br />
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11th Principle – The Majority of the People may Alter or Abolish a Government Which Has Become Tyrannical. Locke put the theory in writing and Jefferson incorporated it into the Declaration. The power resides in the majority and the minority has no right to revolt. The Virginia Assembly passed its Declaration of Rights a month before the Declaration of Independence was signed. Section 3 of the Virginia Declaration supports the majority right to rule doctrine.<br />
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12th Principle – The United States Shall be a Republic. The founders wanted a Republic because a democracy had never worked for a number of reasons. The Federalist Papers Nos. 10 and 14 argued it was better than a democracy and Madison explained it in No, 39, p. 241 as: “… a government which derives all of its powers from the great body of the people, and is administered by persons hold their offices during pleasure for a limited period, or during good behavior. It is essential to such a government that it be derived from the great body of the society, not from an inconsiderable proportion of a favored class of it; otherwise a handful of tyrannical nobles, exercising their oppressions by a delegation of their powers might aspire to the rank of republicans and claim for their government the honorable title of republic.”<br />
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Skousen points out that “democracy” has been a causality of debates in the early 1900s. One hundred people, including Norman Thomas, established the Intercollegiate Socialists Society on more than 60 campuses in 1905. This organization was to throw the light on socialism. ISS established a snappy slogan, “Production for use, not for profit.” By 1921 the violence in the Soviet Union had given the term “socialism” a repugnant name, so the organization changed its name to “The League for Industrial Democracy.” The propaganda was that all production and resources would become the property of all the people. People learned this meaning of “democracy.” The Federal government defined “Democracy” and “Republic” in the U.S. Army Training Manual No. 2000-25. Despite this effort, the schoolbooks and press identified the United States as a democracy and the country lost its identity with the public. Socialism became “democracy” in the minds of the world and this persists until today in most minds. People think the U.S. is a democracy and call it that.<br />
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Many people think the introduction of the word “democracy” to describe the U.S. was an attack on the Constitution.<br />
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13th Principle --- A Constitution Should Be Structured to Permanently Protect the People from the Human Frailties of Their Rulers. The question at the Constitutional Convention was how to have an efficient government and still protect the freedom and unalienable rights of the people. The Founders thought that leaders needed to be watched, even themselves. Rights are injured when there is the least suspicion. By 1798 Jefferson was writing his lines about the confidence placed in man, saying, “but bind him down by the chains of the Constitution. (Kentucky Resolutions of 1798). Madison saw that human leaders are complex and all have good and evil components. The Constitution was designed to control something that has not changed and will never change – namely, human nature. The Founders also knew that the erosion of Constitutional principles was often so slow the people would not detect it. Madison issued a warning to his state of Virginia when he detected erosion when he wrote his Memorial and Remonstrance in response to Patrick Henry’s ideas that government should support the churches.<br />
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14th Principle – Life and Liberty are Secure Only So Long as the Right to Property is Secure. John Locke pointed out that the Earth was given to mankind in common and mankind was given the responsibility to improve it “and use it to the best advantage of life and convenience.” If there were no ownership in property, there would be no subduing the Earth or extensive development of it. Without property rights, the lazy neighbor could move in as soon as the improvements were completed. And a stronger person could take it from that neighbor. Without property rights marauding bands would be running around taking what they want and the remainder of people would be living hand-to-mouth waiting on the next marauders. Property is a projection of life itself. Property rights are acquired when labor adds something to the property. A law of reason makes the deer that the Indian killed as the Indian’s property since he bestowed his labor on it, taking it out of the common right of every one. Redistribution of wealth was unconstitutional until 1936 when the Butler case in the Supreme Court allowed helping the poor and needy under the “General Welfare” clause. Ludwig Von Mises wrote that private ownership of the means of production is a necessary requisite of civilization and material well-being. Only nations committed to the principle of private property have arisen above penury and produced science, art and literature. Who then will take care of the poor? The Founders said in the Constitution that anybody but the Federal government has that responsibility. President Grover Cleveland vetoed legislation to spend Federal money on welfare. Instead he said to rely on the friendliness of our countrymen to take care of the poor.<br />
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15th Principle – The Highest Level of Prosperity Occurs When There is a Free-Market Economy and a Minimum of Government Regulation. The Founders were also concerned about economics. The Wealth of Nations came out in 1776 in five volumes. Adam Smith’s ideas about free-markets were first tried in the United States. There were four economic freedoms described: freedom to try; freedom to buy; freedom to sell; and the freedom to fail. The greatest threat to economic prosperity is the arbitrary intervention of government into the economic affairs of private business and the buying public. The government has only four policing responsibilities: to prevent illegal force in the market place to compel purchase or sale of products; to prevent fraud in misrepresenting the quality, location, or ownership of items being sold or bought; to prevent monopoly which eliminates competition and results in restraint of trade; and to prevent debauchery of the cultural standards and moral fiber of society by commercial exploitation of vice -- pornography, obscenity, drugs, liquor, prostitution, or commercial gambling.<br />
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Despite free-market economics giving American a boost in prosperity, by the 1900s some lost confidence in it. The populist movement started and big labor unions and agriculture interests advocated that government distributed the wealth. Extensive regulation was sought along with collectivism, socialism, government ownership of industry, and subsidy of farmers. Adam Smith became lost in colleges and was no longer read. Karl Marx became favored until 1929 through 1933 when Roosevelt began the interventionist controls of industry. No one read the Founders books until they went for a graduate degree. Eventually Adam Smith was rediscovered when Ivor Thomas wrote The Socialist Tragedy in 1951 about what socialism has done in Europe and Max Eastman wrote Reflections on the Failure of Socialism in 1962 about what socialism had done to America. Adam Smith was gradually rediscovered to have written about the lost jewels of the Founders’ plan. The Founders had determined to make the dollar completely independent of any power or combination of powers, and gave the powers concerning money to the Congress. But the Founders were coming out of a depression as they wrote the Constitution and a whole series of policy blunders were adopted. The Bank of the United States was set up similar to the Federal Reserve System of today. Jefferson protested. The Bank was allowed three or four times more paper notes than it had assets. Loaning out this money would “boom” the economy, but after loaning the money financiers would call for a “bust” and call in the loans. This pattern has continued for 200 years and sound money policy still has not had a hearing. Financiers built the economy on debt. Jefferson, Jackson and Lincoln tried to turn the money system around so that Congress would issue money. When this ideas started to catch on, the London Times complained that the North American “government must be destroyed or it will destroy every monarchy on the globe.”<br />
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16th Principle –The Government Should be Separated into Three Branches –Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Polybius and Montesquieu’s writing helped the Founders realize that there should be a three-headed Eagle with one neck, or a coordinated government. John Adams, relying on his study of politics, the “divine science,” and Montesquieu’s ideas, pushed for separated powers in the Massachusetts Constitution during 1779 upon returning from France. Adams was also successful in getting acceptance of the separations of powers in the U. S. Constitution, but Skousen says he was never able to get acceptance of himself.<br />
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17th Principle – A System of Checks and Balances Should be Adopted to Prevent the Abuse of Power. Some members of the Convention wanted the separation of powers so complete that it would not have been workable. And this became grounds for opposing the Constitution. These Founders missed or did not understand the Montesquieu factor to have each department subject to the checks of the other two departments. Madison wrote five Federalist Papers, Nos. 47 to 51 to explain the separation of powers. The checks were designed to protect the will of the people. Pennsylvania tried a Council of Censors who could affix the blame for the problems, but was powerless to fix them. Others suggested that the people be allowed to vote on controversies. <br />
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In the end the Constitution made the departments separate to their assigned function, but made them dependent upon one another to be fully operative. The system turned out to be more complex than that envisioned by Montesquieu. Read The 5000 Year Leap for 18 separate checks and balances. Washington in his Farewell Address said these checks and balances were the genius of the American system of government.<br />
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Scores of nations have copied the U.S. Constitution, but left out the checks and balances. In those cases the president suspends the constitution and the machine guns come out. The U.S. Constitution still resolves problems peacefully.<br />
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18th Principle –The Unalienable Rights of the People Are Most Likely to be Preserved if the Principles of Government are Set Forth in a Written Constitution. Anglos-Saxon Common Law remained unwritten until they converted to Christianity. The Norman Conquest took away English rights and they got them back very slowly until their rights were written down. When the sword was put to King John in 1215, a writing, the Magna Carta, was signed to protect those rights. In 1628 Charles I, under pressure from the people, signed the Petition of Rights. William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689.<br />
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Such writings in America began with the Mayflower Compact signed in 1620, followed by Rev. Hooker’s Constitution for Connecticut in 1639. There is no mention of the king or soverighn, only “We the People.” Montesquieu had another final word when he recommended that constitutions be written by the many, rather than the few. History demonstrates the final product was stronger than any constitution that might have been written by a single person. And the written document was available for reference rather than a whole bunch of scattered statutes as relied upon in Europe.<br />
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19th Principle –Only Limited and Carefully Defined Powers Should be Delegated to Government, All Others Being Retained by the People. Limiting the authority of the government was emphasized at the Convention. One reason the states would not adopt the original constitution was they feared federal encroachment on the rights of states and the people. The first ten amendments were added to place the Anglos-Saxon unalienable rights in the document. Then the Ninth and Tenth Amendments were added to make certain of the limitations they were placing on the Federal government. The Foudners’ experience with corrupt and abusive governments in the past made this essential. The Federal government was supreme in matters where it was given authority, but it was forbidden to invade the independence and sovereignty of the states. Skousan says the Founders felt if the Federal government became dominant that would end local self-government and the security of the individual. <br />
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The Founders would have frowned on the 17th Amendment, adopted in 1913, because this took away the right of the states to protect themselves from the Federal government. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson began the progressive movement and the Federal government has gone downhill away from the designs of the Founders since then.<br />
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20th Principle – Efficiency and Dispatch Require Government to Operate According to the Will of the Majority, but Constitutional Provisions Must be Made to Protect the Rights of the Minority. The Founders learned that under the Articles of Confederation it was difficult to operate with the requirement that all states approve. Majority rule became a necessity and they studied what John Locke said about that and adopted this kind of voting. The Founders were also concerned about the minority. It always is the newest minority that feels left out. Jefferson wrote that the “minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would oppression.” Skousen adds, “It is the responsibilities of the minorities themselves to learn the language, seek needed education, become self-sustaining, and make themselves recognized as a genuine asset to the community. Meanwhile, those who are already well established can help. The United States has built a reputation of being more generous and helpful to newcomers than any other nation. It has a reputation worth preserving. Once upon a time, we were all minorities.<br />
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21st Principle – Strong Local Self-Government is the Keystone to Preserving Human Freedom. “Political power automatically gravitates toward the center, and the purpose of the Constitution is to prevent that from happening,” Skousen explains. The centralization of power destroys liberty and removes decision-making power from the local government to the central. Gradually this numbs the spirit of voluntarism,” Skousen says. Jefferson saw the advantages of the New England wards or townships as the wisest invention by man for self-government. This was based on the Anglo-Saxon and Israeli method of organization. The old English assemblies reappeared in North America as the people remembered how well they worked. Madison continually emphasized the need to keep the Federal government small and to reserve all possible authority to the state or the people. Therefore, the Constitution delegates to the Federal government only the power to deal with issues that affect the whole people of the nation. Jefferson expected the Federal government to be small and inexpensive. The historian John Fiske in his The Critical Period of American History says, “If the day should ever arrive (which God forbid) when the people of the different parts of our country shall allow their local affairs to be administered by prefects sent from Washington, and when the government of the states shall have been so far lost as that the departments of France, or even so closely limited as that of the counties of England – on that day the political career of the American people will have been robbed of its most interesting and valuable features, and the usefulness of this nation will be lamentably impaired.”<br />
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22nd Principle – A Free People Should be Governed by Law and Not by the Whims of Men. No rights are secure when men are governed by the whims of men. The Founders believed the law was a rule of action binding on the rulers as well as the people. Locke pointed out that the people have a duty to establish laws. John Adams wanted fixed laws. Aristotle argued for the same and said his teacher, Plato, was wrong to want the people governed by the few. The Founders believed that law would help preserve liberty, but that the law should be understandable and stable. Jefferson felt so strong about this that he resigned from Congress in 1776 to go back to Virginia to rewrite state laws, so that when Independence was won, the people would have a model system of legal principles they could understand and warmly support, Skousen says.<br />
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23rd Principle – A Free Society Cannot Survive as a Republic Without a Broad Program of General Education. The colonists in America took on the task of educating the whole population partly because they believed in a “manifest destiny” that was theirs to prepare themselves for an important role in unfolding modern world history. Public education started in Massachusetts in 1647 when the people passed a law that every 50 families must set up a free grammar school. These schools taught reading, writing, ciphering, history, geography and the Bible. The law also required every township with 100 families to set up a secondary school to prepare boys to attend Harvard. John Adams said these programs were to have “knowledge diffused generally through the whole body of the people.” Educational success was due to good school boards. <br />
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John Adams, who spent many years in France, said that of 24 million Frenchmen, only 500,000 could read and write. The Founders’ goal was to have all Americans educated. In 1831 De Tocqueville wrote, “In New England every citizen receives the elementary notions of human knowledge; he is taught, moreover, the doctrines and evidences of his religion, the history of his country, and the leading features of its Constitution. In the states of Connecticut and Massachusetts, it is extremely rare to find a man imperfectly acquainted with all these things, and a person wholly ignorant of them is sort of a phenomenon.” (Democracy in America, 1:326-327)<br />
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As the pioneers went west, they established mores schools. Education always included morality and politics. De Tocqueville said “The American learns to know the laws by participating in the act of legislation; and he takes a lesson in the forms of government by governing. … in the United States, politics are the end and aim of education …. (Ibid. pp. 329-330)<br />
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By 1843, Daniel Webster said, “…whatever may be said to the contrary, a correct use of the English language is, at this day, more general throughout the United States than it is throughout England herself.”(The Works of Daniel Webster, 1:102) Skousen says that Americans spoke with genuine eloquence. Sermons and orations by men of limited education reflected a flourish and style of expression that few Americans could duplicate today. Many attributed these abilities to extensive reading of the Bible, which Webster said was a book of faith, a book of doctrine, a book of morals, a book of religion, q book that teaches man his own individual responsibility, his dignity and his equality with his fellow-man.<br />
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24th Principle – A Free People Will Not Survive Unless They Stay Strong. Up until recent years, the United States has had super prosperity. Skousen says that only as the Federal government usurped authority (since the 1930s) and meddled in the free-market system economy has the surge of prosperity and high production of goods and services been inhibited. The Founders were convinced that prosperity and freedom would continue if the people remained virtuous and adequately armed. Franklin believed that we must be thoroughly armed and have a strong security before we could ask assistance from Heaven, (Smyth, Writing of Benjamin Franklin, 2:352) In Franklin’s time the people became apathetic and he was disgusted. No man wanted peace more than Washington and no man was willing to risk more in life and property to achieve it. Washington wanted us ready at all times with a plan. Washington did not want us dependent on the policies of other nations. By his fifth address to Congress, Washington has to press the Congress to provide for an adequate defense. His view was, “There is a rank due to the United States among nations, which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness….” (Fitzpatrick, Writing of George Washington, 33:165)<br />
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Samuel Adams emphasized the moral responsibility of Americans to preserve the heritage of freedom and unalienable rights that the Creator how endowed upon them. He felt it was wicked and unnatural to let the fruits of liberty anguish by neglect of apathy. (Wells, Life of Samuel Adams, 1:504) The Founders passed on a policy of peace through strength, but dependent on virtue.<br />
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25th Principle – “Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship with All Nations – Entangling Alliances with None.” Jefferson said this in his first inaugural address. The Founders had a doctrine of “separatism.” This is different from “isolationism” used in recent years. The Founders wanted wholesome relations with all nations, but they wanted no part of sectional quarrels and international disputes. They wanted to avoid alliances with one country that would make them enemies of another, much like modern Switzerland. Response would be made when the Founders were threatened. Washington felt that “The nation which indulges toward another an habitual hatred or an habitual fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to is affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest.” (Farewell Address)<br />
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Washington pointed out that most-favor nation status would open the United States to strong foreign influences, which could subvert the security or best interests of the U.S. Washington laid down his famous policy of foreign relations: “The great rule of conduct of us, in regard to foreign nations, is extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop.” (Farewell Address)<br />
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Jefferson reiterated these principles after Washington was dead at age 68. The “manifest destiny” doctrine of the Founders made the American separatism different from Swiss neutrality. The American people were responsible for serving as the vanguard nation for the moral and political emancipation of all mankind. Adams said our success was due to Providence and we were to emancipate mankind all over the earth. (Tuveson, Redeemer Nation, p. 25) Madison wrote: “happily we trust for the whole human race, they [the Founders] pursued a new and more noble course.” (Federalist Papers, No. 14, p. 1-4) The Monroe Doctrine was designed to insulate the western hemisphere from the quarrels of European Monarchs.<br />
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But after the eruption of World War I, the United States was drawn into the conflict. The Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh (father of the flyer) said that this “internationalism” was a serious mistake. He pointed out we elected a president to a second term because he kept us out of the war. But no sooner was he elected than the propaganda began to get us into the war. “The greatest good we could do the world at that time was to stay out, and that would have been infinitely better for ourselves, for we could have helped the world had we conserved our resources.” (Lindbergh, The Economic Pinch, pp. 233-235)<br />
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When World War II broke out we hoped we could stay out of it, but we favored England and France. The Japanese attacked Hawaii. We were in. These veterans are now dying off in 2009.<br />
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26th Principle – The Core Unit Which Determine the Strength of any Society is the Family; Therefore, the Government Should Foster and Protect Its Integrity. Back in 1831De Tocqueville wrote: “There is certainly no country in the world when the tie of marriage is more respected than in America, or where conjugal happiness is more highly or worthily appreciated. The Founders felt the Bible established the legal, moral, and social relationships between man and woman. (Davis, The American Search for Woman, chap. 5.) God’s law, in theory, made man first in governing the family, Skousen says, but as between himself and his wife, he was merely first among equals. John Locke’s writings stressed equal responsibility of mother and father in rearing children. (Second Essay Concerning Civil Government, p. 36) Read more in The English People on the Eve<br />
of the Colonization, 1603 – 1630, p. 168). <br />
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New studies and information indicate Franklin was not a woman chaser as some earlier authors claimed, Skousen says. He did have an illegitimate son, but raised him honorably and the son, William, became Governor of New Jersey. The stories about thirteen illegitimate children have come from myths. Franklin even tried to dissuade a young friend from taking a mistress in a letter. (Koch, The American Enlightenment, p. 70) Locke wrote about parents’ responsibilities and what a mature adult should know. Locke wrote about children’s responsibilities to parents. Locke wrote that the state should not interfere in legitimate family relations. The family is vitally important to the culture.<br />
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27th Principle – The Burden of Debt is as Destructive to Freedom as Subjugation by Conquest. Slavery is the result of debt as it is borrowing against the future. And the creditor must be paid as well. The Founders knew that borrowing in the time of crisis was necessary, but they felt it was a temporary situation that should be paid off as soon as possible. The Founders recognized debt for what it was, a necessary evil. Debts come from splurge spending. They felt debt should be avoided like the plague. Franklin wrote a lot about debt, saying, “Tis hard for any empty bag to stand upright” as Poor Richard.<br />
The Founders’ policy on a national debt was that a debt shared by the whole people makes it no less ominous. They felt we must get out of debt in order to prosper.<br />
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Jefferson wrote: “I, however, place economy among the first and most important of republican virtues, and public debt as the greatest of dangers to be feared.” (Bergh, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 15:47) Skousen says the Founders felt that wars, economic problems and debts of one generation should be paid for by the generation which incurred them. Jefferson believed that inherited debt was immoral. The Founders established a policy of paying debts promptly and this was followed until the present generation (2009 and back to the 1930s) when all three branches of the Federal government began overstepping their constitution boundaries. Milton Friedman, a Nobel prizewinner, has demonstrated that all of the unauthorized tasks undertaken by the Federal government proved counter-productive, some tragically so. Today we are spending the next generation’s inheritance. When the “fix” is more spending, the habit continues. Skousen says the problem is primarily a matter of will power – the determination to change.<br />
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28th Principle – The United States Has a Manifest Destiny to be an Example and a Blessing to the Entire Human Race. Historians agree that the single most important feature of the settlers in America was their over powering sense of mission – a conviction that they were taking part in the unfolding of a manifest destiny design which would shower its blessings on all mankind. John Adams felt if the American people failed the Constitution it would be treason. John Jay considered America to be a Providential blessing. In Federalist Papers, No. 2, p.38, Jay wrote: “This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence than an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.” Madison concluded in Federalist Papers, No. 14, pp. 1-4-105 that: “Happily for America, happily we trust for the whole human race, they pursued a new and more noble course. They accomplished a resolution that has no parallel in the annuals of human society. They reared the fabrics of governments that have no model on the face of the globe. They formed the design of a great Confederacy, which it is incumbent on their successors to improve and perpetuate.”<br />
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This summary of The 5000 Year Leap was written to allow you to get a flavor for what is in the book. Reading the summary will give you a good idea why you should read the book. My hope is that this will encourage the reader to seek more information about the Constitution and work with others to reestablish the virtues that made the United States great in the early years.<br />
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If you read this book and make a list the things we do not do today as a people in the United States that the Founders did, you will get a good idea of the list of things we have to change to achieve the Founders’ dreams for us. <br />
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It easy to see that in this generation we have taken the easy way out. Divorce is common. One-parent families are common. Government spending for now to be paid later is common.<br />
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In the book, The 5000 Year Leap: A Miracle That Changed the World otherwise known as Principles of Freedom 101, W. Cleon Skousen has documented how the Founders wrote the Constitution, what they read and studied before writing it, and why it worked.<br />
<br />
The result of what the Founders put in the Constitution was a 5000 year leap for mankind that the current generation is squandering. The book is published by the National Center for Constitution Studies, ISBN 0-88080-148-4. www.nccs.net or 208-645-2625. Originally published in 1981, the book was revised in 1991 and 2006 and is now in its 7th printing.<br />
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If you want to learn a great deal more than this summary contains, get the book so we can plan together to get out of the Constitutional and economic crisis and mess now enveloping the United States. This article boils down 337 pages to only 15 pages to save you time and wet your appetite for more.<br />
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William J. Skinner, B.S. Pharmacy, Butler University, 1960; Doctor of Jurisprudence, Indiana University Law School – Indianapolis, 1965. <br />
Contacts: 561-433-1170. BillSkinnerLW@aol.comBill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-37670095637624311432010-10-11T08:40:00.000-07:002010-10-11T08:40:20.416-07:00What Do You Really Know About the Bill of Rights<b>JAMES MADISON </b>and the Struggle for the BILL of RIGHTS<br />
By Richard Lubinsky<br />
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<b>T</b>he above titled book was published in 2006, so you are already four years behind if you have not read it. But if you get it now, it will be worth your while if you cherish the Bill of Rights like I do. From the opening page to end of the Epilogue there are 264 pages packed with details about James Madison’s work on the Constitutional Convention and the ratification in Virginia and other states, plus the election of Madison to the First U. S. Congress and his more than two year effort to pass the Bill of Rights.<br />
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Remember that the Continental Congress was meeting in New York City for several years during the Revolutionary War. James Madison was from Orange County, Virginia, a several day trip to New York and a trip that Madison dreaded because of his long-time illness that comes to light in this book. Madison had a gastrointestinal problem that frequently caused diarrhea and other discomforts that were embarrassing to him during long trips on a stage coach or other conveyance with a couple of other people. For me this was the first glimpse of the personal fortitude that Madison had in dealing with his personal health problems while he was the instigator and daily shepherd of the assembly of the Constitutional Convention, the adoption, the ratification, and the struggle to adopt a Bill of Rights.<br />
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The advance praise for the book comes from James Madison organizations and individual historians like Garry Wills, Philip Bigler, Charles F. Bryan, Jr. and David B. Mattern on the book cover. I am confident that if you read this book it will open your eyes to the divergence of views about adopting the Constitution in the first place to the switch by Madison from opposing a Bill of Rights to being the only real champion of adopting the Bill of Rights. This took Madison over two years of meticulous letter writing and personally speaking to hundreds of people.<br />
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You will learn that Madison was not a dynamic speaker like Patrick Henry. Madison was a soft voice of reason who preferred to work behind the scenes, but if called upon to address a legislative body, he could hold his own with detail after detail. Madison was particularly good in legislative committees where a few people often recognized his intelligence and deferred to his solutions for the problems under discussion.<br />
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The beginning of the book was somewhat dull to me, but essential to understand what was happening during the constitutional developments. I began making notes at page 174 when Madison’s election to the first U.S. Congress was described. Madison detested having to give up his work with the Continental Congress in New York and come home to Virginia to run for office to the House of Representatives. He did not like to ask for votes or do things like make promises. He thought everyone should know what he stood for and accept him for those characteristics. <br />
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There were secret political goings-on that prevented Madison from being nominated for the U.S. Senate from Virginia. Some people tried to get Madison to run for Congress in a district where he did not live because those people want him to represent them. Patrick Henry, a former governor of Virginia and an ardent Anti-Federalist, had succeeded in designing districts for the ten Virginia House seats (Virginia was the largest state in the Confederation at the time. Remember it included today’s West Virginia and Kentucky) that would place Madison in a district that Henry thought Madison could not win. Henry was against the adoption of the new Constitution because he thought that the document took too many powers away from the individual countries, such as Virginia. This is the first book that I have read that shows the people of the time flat-out described the states as “countries” and it is obvious to me now that all of the thirteen colonies thought of themselves as individual countries at that time.<br />
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But finally Madison was persuaded to come home four or five weeks before the election to campaign in ten inches of snow in the hills and hollers of Virginia. Madison managed to show up in county seat after county seat and talk to the people. Madison was frost bit a little during his travels in the counties of Orange, Louisa, Culpepper, and others, but he won the election over his friend, James Monroe, another individual who needs to be explored more by serious constitutional learners and scholars. Only 44% of the eligible voters came out in Madison’s district that first Virginia election, and in his district Madison was the victor.<br />
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Madison and Monroe were so close that they invested in land together and invited Thomas Jefferson to join them in a venture at one time. Madison made more money in land, perhaps, than he did from Congress or his estate at Montpelier. This was another interesting discovery in the book.<br />
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In that first election the Sheriffs of each county took down the voters’ preferences orally and made a record. Because of the bad weather, some Sheriffs took votes for three days because it took some hearty souls that long to get to the county seat to vote at considerable risk.<br />
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Think of this and contrast it with how easy it is to vote in the 21st Century. We are now coddled, one might say, with our voting machines and fraud prevention systems that sometimes allows double voting, false registrations, and other devious election irregularities.<br />
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Another item that piqued my interest was the beginning of Chapter 8 where it is disclosed that New Yorkers wanted to make that city the permanent capital of the United States. I live in Florida in a district where most of the voters are from a single ethnic group who used to live in New York, mostly New York City. My neighbors are democrats and I am a republican, so this struck me as especially interesting. Also my family and I lived in the Philadelphia area for five years during which time I accompanied my three boys and other Cub Scouts to the Independence Hall in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was debated and signed on several occasions. The place still has the ability to produce memories and dreams of the 1770s.<br />
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Here is some detail about this time period that I learned from the book that will give you a good example of Labunski’s writing style:<br />
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“Even the state’s Anti-Federalists, many of whom had wanted to prevent ratification at the New York convention in July 1788, agreed to approve the Constitution only because Federalists had strongly hinted that the city would likely become the permanent seat of government. Anti-Federalists knew that if New York did not join the union, its largest city would have no chance of hosting the new government.<br />
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“New York officials worried with good reason, that Philadelphia would persuade lawmakers to return to that city, which was the home of the First Continental Congress in 1774 and where the Confederation Congress had met for nine years. Representative John Page of Virginia said that New York ‘is not so half as large as Philadelphia; nor in any manner to be compared to it for Beauty & Elegance.’ Benjamin Rush, a prominent Philadelphia physician, who wrote a long letter to John Adams in early spring to remind him of his home city’s many amenities and virtues, including ‘Philadelphia is the centre of the State of the Union: she is wholly & highly Federal.’ Another Pennsylvanian Timothy Pickering, said that ‘In Philadelphia, the Congress will find convenient lodgings & public buildings – provisions good, elegant, plenty & cheap -- & the most extensive libraries adapted to the use of public bodies, that are to be found on the Continent.’ Those libraries appealed to John Adams, who as vice president would be expected to be involved in the selection of a permanent capital. He told Benjamin Rush that “I love Philadelphia quite as well as New York, and the noble Libraries there [in Philadelphia] would be Strong temptation to me.” [footnotes omitted.]<br />
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Around page 180 I was interested in the reference to Representative Elias Boudinot from New Jersey as he is another founder I have recently studied and written about in regard to his religious beliefs. Boudinot, earlier under the Continental Congress he was the second president of the Congress when the country only had officers of the Congress. We only had three of those presidents as I understand it. Boudinot told his wife in a letter that when they arrived in this “dirty city [New York City]” -- “The difference of the wholesome Country Air, from the Stench of the filthy Streets was so apparent, as to effect our smelling Faculties greatly.” My own visits to New York City from the 1960s to present day did not exhibit what Boudinot found upon his arrival, so the years have allowed New Yorkers to make appropriate improvements. <br />
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I cite Boudinot for another reason at page 220 of Lubanski’s book where it is disclosed that Elias Boudinot was the chairman of the House Committee of the Whole when Madison was introducing the Bill of Rights in August. Someone raised the issue of whether the committee of the whole had to recommend the Amendments to the full House by a two-thirds vote. “The chairman, Elias Boudinot of New Jersey, ruled that a simple majority was sufficient, and his decision was upheld by a vote of the members.” [Footnotes omitted.]<br />
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This book covers the complicated story of the adoption of the Bill of Rights from 40 or more amendments to the twelve submitted to the states by President Washington to the final ten amendments ratified and adopted as additions to the Constitution. There were complications throughout the debates over the amendments as to whether they would be incorporated into the Constitution or appended to the end of the document. We know now that the ten amendments were added to the end and the Supreme Court is still interpreting what the founders meant by each Amendment.<br />
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You will not waste your time or money reading this story that can lead you to many other wonderful tales and happenstances about the Bill of Rights. If we let our children graduate from college, perhaps even high school, without knowing what is in this and similar books, we have to accept a degree of blame for letting them down.<br />
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Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN: 13: 978-0-19-518105-0 and ISBN: 10: 0-19-518105-0Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-26128904156538161772010-03-05T12:19:00.001-08:002010-03-05T12:19:24.637-08:00Congress Needs RegulatingFTC, FDA, IRS, the U.S. Postal Service and the U.S. Attorney for Southern Florida recently in 2010 helped put a hardheaded marketing scammer in jail for 20 years. He was warned before by a Federal court. This case proves that dietary supplements are regulated.<br />
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FDA has forced the recall of dietary supplements by several sellers in recent months. Muscle products containing steroids are reported in this issue. The recalls prove that dietary supplements are regulated.<br />
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The FDA has used the Federal Courts and U.S. Marshalls numerous to seize dietary supplement products from sellers who violated the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. These seizures prove that dietary supplements are regulated.<br />
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Likewise, there are frequent reports that FTC obtains fines against sellers of dietary supplements for defrauding consumers. These fines prove that dietary supplements are regulated.<br />
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Activity that is not regulated very much is that of the U.S. Congress, when it passes law after law requiring FDA or some other Federal agency to do something, while failing to provide the money to do the work. The U.S. Constitution regulated what Congress could do 100 years ago, but does so infrequently now.<br />
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In 2009 dietary supplements lost NIH’s support for an annual bibliography for research on dietary supplements.<br />
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This year the President’s Budget for FY 2011, the first budget that this President had complete control over, does not mention any increase in funding for dietary supplement programs. But this budget proposes spending in the trillions beyond income to expand entitlement and new programs.<br />
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In early February 2010, Senator John McCain introduced a bill to amend the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act and the bill does not mention giving FDA or other agencies any money to implement the new amendments, if they are passed. This compounds the inefficiency in government programs. <br />
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Funding necessary government programs is harder to do when most of the Federal money is dedicated to entitlement programs. Of course, this shows Congress is incapable of distinguishing the difference between necessary programs and entitlement programs. This discernment is what needs regulating. <br />
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The United States government would have adequate money to do what is necessary, if the members of Congress would stop passing spending bills to benefit their own states or districts in order to get themselves reelected 98 percent of the time. Once upon a time this was regulated by the U.S. Constitution, common sense, and decency. But these are no longer reliable! <br />
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For articles that explain background on the legal issues related to dietary supplements in this blog go to <a href="http://www.natmedlaw.com">www.natmedlaw.com</a> where you can read 13 plus years of the author’s newsletters.Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-736444262859631223.post-10766521129254796362009-10-01T11:54:00.000-07:002009-10-01T11:54:44.761-07:00FDA Accused of Abuse of Power and Risks to Liberty<div>If you have not read it yet, get the book, <em>The Rise of Tyranny: How Federal Agencies Abuse Power and Pose Risks to Your Life and Liberty,</em> by Jonathan W. Emord. He lays out what is wrong and gives a plan to correct the abuses and risk causing. After working as a lawyer for the Federal Communications Commission for several years under Mark Fowler and Dennis Patrick in the Ronald Reagan Administration, Emord began a private law practice in Washington, D.C. The publisher is the Sentinel Press in Washington, D.C. Copyright 2008.<br />
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<div>Since being in private practice since 1988 when Reagan left office, Emord has taken on a number of First Amendment cases. This book concentrates on the Food and Drug Administration, Drug Enforcement Administration and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services -- all being examples of agencies having combinations of executive, legislative and judicial power given to them by Congress. Emord describes the case law that started this unwise delegation of legislative and judicial powers to Federal agencies and he points out that the Supreme Court of the United States has not found an unconstitutional delegation of powers to an agency since 1935. Thus we have now created almost the exact tyranny that was the cause of the Revolutionary War. Except now we have over 180 Federal agencies instead of King George III.<br />
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<div>Emord says the way back to liberty requires Americans to take action because Congress has relinquished the power to govern. The House and Senate do not want to take the heat for hard decisions, so they let the agencies take the heat, while the members spend their time raising money for the next election. You can see this happening every day in the present atmosphere of an unconnected to the voters Washington, D.C. crowd.<br />
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<div>Here is what Americans must do. 1) Vote corrupt Members of Congress Out of Office; 2) Enact Legislation to Prevent Congressional Relinquishment of the Law-Making Power; 3) Enact Legislation to Prevent Industry Capture; 4) Enact Legislation Requiring Meaningful Judicial Review; 5) Enact Legislation to Punish Appointed Officials Who Violate the Constitution, Agency Rules, or Commission Enabling Statutes for Personal Gain; 6) Enact Legislation to Protect Americans from Unsafe Drugs; 7) Enact Legislation to Eliminate FDA Jurisdiction Over Health Claims and Structure/Function Claims and Establish New Anti-Fraud Protections; and 8) Enact Legislation to Mandate Due Process in Medicare Part B Reimbursement Cases.<br />
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<div>This looks like a tall order that will take some time. But Emord says, "We are at a critical moment in history. Corruption within the government is pervasive and there are virtually no checks on the abuses. We must either reverse the trend toward ruin promptly or stand by as we lose our place as a bastion of liberty, hope, and opportunity for the world." Emord tells us that George Washington (who is that, some of our school children ask?) warned us in his Farewell Address that there "should be no change through usurpation; for through this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed."<br />
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<div>Readers of this book will become fired up to work toward a restoration of the REPUBLIC that protects liberty. We have a lot to do, one bite at a time.<br />
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<div></div>Bill Skinnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17147224659297891938noreply@blogger.com0